Informing People about Global Warming - the scientific evidence.

INFORMING THE COMMUNITY: Right now the whole entire Australian population should be aware of global warming, how it effects everyone and etc. All the advertisements that show on the TV are telling us how to prevent this. This shows that most people are aware of a growing problem in the world and that we can prevent the problem before it reaches up to a critical level. But are we acting upon the current situation? If we are, are we doing it properly? It's time to stop and take a closer look at these terrible issues, and find what you can do to contribute. I'm sure you all know what is global warming. We've all heard about it, yet some of us have no idea what it is actually about. A brief explanation should refresh your memories or give you a good understanding of what Global Warming is. Global Warming is usually a natural part of our earth. Our planet, Earth, has a natural layer of gases around it we call the atmosphere. The ozone layer is a layer in the atmosphere that has a unique combination of gases (gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapour. There are also smaller amounts of other gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and CFC's (Chlorofluorocarbons) within that keep the temperature on the surface of Earth hospitable for life to occur. Sunlight passes through our atmosphere and hits the surface of the earth which heats the earth. This is called the

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Electrolysis - study the effect of current upon the mass of nickel deposited at the cathode.

Electrolysis Prediction I have decided to study the effect of current upon the mass of nickel deposited at the cathode. I think that as you increase the current the mass of nickel deposited at the cathode will increase in proportion. Also that the mass loss at the anode will be equal to the mass gained at the cathode. Obtaining Current (A) Mass of cathode at start (g) Mass of cathode at end (g) Increase in mass of cathode (g) Mass of anode at start (g) Mass of anode at end (g) Decrease in mass at anode (g) 0.2 .331 .306 .340 .383 .355 .390 0.052 0.049 0.050 .32 .352 .347 .280 .294 .293 0.052 0.058 0.054 0.4 .530 .501 .435 .640 .594 .522 0.110 0.093 0.087 .520 .461 .395 .411 .345 .290 0.109 0.116 0.105 0.6 .475 .521 .395 .620 .651 .535 0.145 0.130 0.140 .520 .385 .482 .326 .224 .327 0.194 0.161 0.155 0.8 .385 .372 .435 .548 .542 .604 0.163 0.170 0.169 .432 .501 .395 .204 .300 .180 0.192 0.201 0.215 Any anomalous results I find I will not include in the calculation for the average. I have highlighted any anomalous results. Current (A) Average Increase at cathode (g) Average decrease at anode (g) 0.2 0.0503 0.0546 0.4 0.096 0.11 0.6 0.138 0.158 0.8 0.167 0.202 After finding these averages I am going to calculate the theoretical values, these will show what mass of nickel

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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To establish a reactivity series using voltage.

CHEMISTRY REACTIVITY SERIES SC1 Aim: To establish a reactivity series using voltage Theory: The reactivity series is like a 'league table' for metals. The most reactive metal is at the top and the least reactive is at the bottom. They are put in order by how they react with water, steam and acids. K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Pb Cu Ag1 * A substance, which donates electrons and so, causes a reduction of another substance. The more reactive a metal the more metals it can displace, however the less reactive metals can displace less metals. Displacement is the reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound. As I said above an element can only displace an element that is lower than itself in the reactivity series. In the reaction below zinc displaces copper from the copper sulphate solution: CuSO4 + Zn Cu + ZnSO4 (ag) (s) (s) (ag) However if zinc had the sulphate then no reaction would take place: ZnSO4 + Cu No reaction (ag) (s) Also the reactivity of an element also can be measured as the metals electrode potentials (how readily an atom is willing to lose an electron to form an ion). The ones with the negative electrode potential are at the top of the reactivity series like potassium. The electrode potential is what is used in batteries. The metal that is higher in the reactivity series is the negative

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Investigation to see how the voltage changes when we change the metals used in a cell

Investigation to see how the voltage changes when we change the metals used in a cell Method During this investigation I performed two different experiments. Both experiments were to see how the voltage changed when using two different metals as electrolytes in a battery. When using sulphuric acid as the electrolyte I set up the experiment as shown in the diagram. The other experiment used a grapefruit (therefore citric acid) as the electrolyte. We set it up in the same way as we set up the experiment when using sulphuric acid, except we inserted the pieces of metal (the electrodes) into the grapefruit. The wires were attached to the pieces of metal using crocodile clips. We then held the metals in the electrolyte until the voltage reading on the voltmeter remained steady. I repeated the results once when using sulphuric acid, but did not have enough time to repeat the results when using citric acid. Results Sulphuric acid-1st set of results Metal 1 Mg Al Zn Sn Pb Cu Metal 2 Mg ------- Al 0.550 -------- Zn 0.130 0.330 --------- Sn 0.680 0.170 0.380 -------- Pb 0.870 0.170 0.640 0.240 -------- Cu .050 0.410 0.830 0.720 0.410 -------- Sulphuric acid-2nd set of results Metal 1 Mg Al Zn Sn Pb Cu Metal 2 Mg ------- Al x -------- Zn x 0.610 --------- Sn .470 0.030 x -------- Pb 0.720 0.230 x 0.050 -------- Cu

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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The Age of the Earth

The Age of the Earth In 1654 it was calculated that the earth had formed on October 23, 4004 BC. James Ussher made this discovery from the Bible. Nowadays the age of the earth is determined to be at least 4.5 billion years old. People all over the world now disagree with Ussher's theory because of religious reasons and most Christians still believe that the Earth was created 4004BC. Almost all of our evidence towards the Earth's age comes from the examination of rocks. People who analyse new discoveries of fossils and meteorites can possibly lead us to knowing the age since we can examine carbon and radiocarbon dating. Fossils in sedimentary rocks and the weathering of most ancient craters prove to us that some of the eldest bits rocks date back to about 4.5 billion years old. There is evidence to prove that the earth had formed approximately 1 billion years ago by radiometric age dating of particular rocks, such as lead in uranium-rich minerals which had showed us that it was in excess of being a billion years old. However the oldest bits of minerals to be discovered are small crystals of zircon that was found at Jack Hills of Western Australia. The dating of these minerals were approximately 4.404 billion years old. The earth must have been as old as any formation on it and information such as this can easily be considered as proof of the earth's existence meaning that

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To monitor the quantity of copper metal deposited during electrolysis of copper sulphate solution.

Aim: To monitor the quantity of copper metal deposited during electrolysis of copper sulphate solution. Introduction: When a solution of copper sulphate is electrolysed using carbon or platinum electrodes, copper is obtained at the cathode and oxygen at the anode. On the other hand when copper electrodes are used instead, something unusual happens. At the cathode: Copper ions become atoms, as you would expect: ( Cu2+ ) + ( 2e- ) ==> Cu The copper atoms cling to the cathode. At the anode: The copper anode dissolves, forming copper ions: Cu ==> ( Cu2+ ) + ( 2e- ) So the anode wears away, while the cathode grows thicker. If you weigh them you will find that: Mass of copper lost by anode = Mass of copper gained by cathode. This electrolysis is used in industry to purify copper, which has to be very pure for use in electrical wires. The impure copper is made into an anode. As it wears away, the cathode gets plated with pure copper while impurities fall to the bottom of the electrolysis cell. Faraday's First Law Of Electrolysis: "The mass of any element deposited during electrolysis is directly proportional to the number of coulombs of electricity passed ". Faradays Second Law Of Electrolysis: "The mass of an element deposited by one Faraday of electricity (96500 Coulombs) is equal to the atomic mass in grams of the element divided by the number of electrons

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Extraction Of Iron

Extraction Of Iron Iron, perhaps the most important element to all civilization is also one of earth's most abundant. Like the majority of metal ores, iron ores are not pure compounds. Rather, most iron ore compounds are polluted with sand, rock and silica. The process of extracting iron involves a number of steps. The first step to concentrate the iron ore and remove its contents of silica. To further remove any existing impurities, a complex process takes place in a blast furnace. The charge is where materials are placed into the blast furnace. These materials are: Ore, Limestone and Coke. A burst of hot, oxygen enriched air is blown into the air-blast nozzle located at the near bottom of the furnace. What follows are a number of oxidation and reduction type reactions which ultimately produce the metallic iron. One of these reactions is the coke being burnt. The heat generated by this reaction increases the bottom of the furnace to a temperature near 19000° C. This reaction is represented in a chemical equation: C(s) + O2(g) (r) CO2(g) + heat The carbon dioxide generated rises halfway up the furnace, where it reacts with the hotter coke. This causes the carbon dioxide to reduce into carbon monoxide. This reaction absorbs some heat and lowers the temperature of the upper part of the furnace to roughly 1300° C. CO2(g) + C(s) + heat (r) 2CO(g) This

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Recycling. In science our task is to gather information about how people sort out their rubbish in my area. I should also find out the reasons why people recycle their rubbish

Introduction In science our task is to gather information about how people sort out their rubbish in my area. I should also find out the reasons why people recycle their rubbish and why other do not. To help me with my results I had to make a question questionnaire. Here is my questionnaire that I asked 20 people: Do you recycle? Yes.... No.... Sometimes.... What do you recycle? Paper.... Tin/Can.... Glass.... Other.......... How often to you recycle? Every day... Once a week..... Once a month.... Once a year.... Other...... Do you have a recycling bin near your house? Yes..... No.... If yes how far is the recycling bin for your house? 5mins.... 10-15mins.... 15-20mis.... Others................ What do you think of recycle? (And why?) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Do you think it would make a

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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What Effects the Reaction in the Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate.

What Effects the Reaction in the Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate I will investigate what affects the reaction in the electrolysis of copper sulphate. In order to investigate what affects the reaction I will electrolyse a copper sulphate solution using two copper electrodes. As these electrodes participate in the reaction they are called active electrodes. I will set up my experiment as shown in the diagram: I will pour 75cm3 of copper sulphate solution into a beaker. This amount is sufficient to fully cover the electrodes. I will weigh both the electrodes before the experiment using an electronic scale. I will connect the electrodes to a power source and an ammeter as shown in the diagram above. I will run the experiment for the duration which I have explained later in this plan. Then when the experiment has ended I will turn off the power and take out the electrodes. I will wash off any excess copper sulphate which could crystallise when heated. I will then, using an electric heater, evaporate off any water which is now on the electrodes. I will measure the weight change in the negative electrode (the cathode) and the positive electrode (the anode) and see how this changes as my chosen variable changes. I will give reasons for why I will use each piece of apparatus: Piece of apparatus Reason for use Beaker A beaker is sufficiently sized for the

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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An investigation to find out what factors affect the rate of electrolysis of a solution containing copper (II) ions.

Investigating the rate of electrolysis. An investigation to find out what factors affect the rate of electrolysis of a solution containing copper (II) ions. Plan It is known that by passing a constant electric current through a copper sulphate solution the passage of ions through this solution results in copper atoms being dissolved into the solution from the anode, which has a positive charge while positive copper, ions (cations) are also being discharged at the cathode which has a negative charge. Normally anions, which have a negative charge, are discharged at the anode. The experiment I will be carrying out is aimed to observe the amount of Copper (Cu) metal deposited during the electrolysis of Copper Sulphate solution (CuSo4) using Copper electrodes, when certain variables are changed In this investigation I will change variables within the experiment, which will hopefully change the rate of reaction and also the deposit of copper metal at the cathode. These variables could include: ·Voltage ·Concentration of solution/ Quantity of Solution ·Surface area/ Size of Electrodes ·Temperature ·Molarity/Concentration of Solution ·Distance between the electrodes These variables all have a way of changing the rate of reaction. Voltage: Changing the voltage of the circuit would affect the rate of reaction because as Ohm's law states, As charged particles try to

  • Word count: 2878
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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