GCSE Chemistry Revision Notes - everything!
Page of 9/29/2012 Chemistry Syllabus Atoms Atomic structure Relative molecular and formula masses Chemical formulae and chemical equations Ionic compounds Covalent substances Electrolysis Metallic crystals The Periodic Table Group 1 elements Group 2 elements Group 7 elements Oxygen and oxides Sulphur and nitrogen Hydrogen The transition metals – iron and copper Reactivity series Preparing and analysing Alkanes Alkenes Ethanol States of matter Acidic, alkalinity and neutralisation Energetics Rates of reaction Dynamic Equilibria Extraction and uses of metals Natural oil and gas Synthetic polymers The manufacture of chemicals ________________ ________________ Atoms The simplest substances from which all other substances are made up are called elements. They are shown in the periodic table and can be represented by a chemical symbol. This consists of one or two letters. The first letter is always a capital letter. Elements can be divided into groups into two ways: . Solid, liquid and gas 2. Metal and non-metal Elements combine in fixed proportions to form compounds. The compound sodium chloride is composed of two elements: the metal, sodium, and the non-metal, chlorine. The compound calcium carbonate contains the metal, calcium, and two non-metals carbon and oxygen. All elements are made up of atoms. An atom is the smallest part
Evacuation in Britain
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In this report the effects of fire and explosion are examined based on quantitative analysis using calorimetric methods.
Explosion and Fire Name: Andrew Holmes Student Number: 2103086 Course: BSc Forensic Science Year: 2 Unit: Fire and Explosion Date: 17/04/03 Summary In this report the effects of fire and explosion are examined based on quantitative analysis using calorimetric methods. The report focuses on a series of four tests using calorimetric instruments to obtain measurements, which are examined in a quantitative fashion. These tests are: the oxygen index test, the bomb calorimeter, the flash point test, and the flame stability test. The oxygen index for the various materials, calculated from the experimental results were found to be 16.67, 27.77 and 26.6 for Calico Med, Polyester and wool mix respectively. The flash points determined from the experimentation were, 99.5 oC, 72.0 oC and 70.5 oC for Cyclohexanone 99%, 4-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2-Pentanon 99% and an unknown hydrocarbon respectively. The maximum flame speed for a natural gas-air flame in a horizontal tube was calculated to be 0.68ms-1, at a stiociometric ratio of 10:1, from the flame stability calculations. After calculations using data obtained from the bomb calorimter, the enthalpy of combustion for Perspex was determined to be 16.55 Kj.kg-1. .0 Introduction A fire is the results of a number of reactions between a combustible material (fuel) and oxygen, which may be from a variety of sources, most
The Energy Content Of Different Fuels
Chemistry Coursework The Energy Content Of Different Fuels PLAN: Introduction: Different fuels produce different amounts of energy when they are burnt in oxygen. I am going to investigate the different energy contents of alcohols. I am going to use just alcohols because when I find out the energy per mole produced by different alcohols I can compare them. I am going to use Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and Pentanol. When fuels are burnt in oxygen, water and carbon dioxide are formed. The combustion also produces heat. This is because when the alcohol burns energy from the heat is used to break the bonds and when they form carbon dioxide and water they are making bonds and energy is released. This energy becomes heat. I am going to investigate how much energy is produced by each alcohol I burn and compare the results when I have finished. ? Prediction: For my prediction I am going to calculate how much energy should be produced by each alcohol. I am going to do this by using a secondary source of information. This is a book called 'AS Chemistry' published by 'Collins' by 'Nicholls and Radcliffe'. I will uses this by taking the values given in this book of how many kJ/mol are required to break/make certain bonds. The information that I am going to use is: To break a C?H (Carbon to Hydrogen) bond it requires 413 Kjmol-1 of energy. To
Which Alcohol is the best fuel?
Emma Keller 11T Which Alcohol is the best fuel? Coursework AIM: I am carrying out an investigation to see which alcohol is the best fuel. I will do this by experimenting with different alcohols and setting them alight and measuring different factors. I will analyse all my results and try to discover patterns, which should help me to conclude which alcohol is the best fuel. PLAN This is how my experiment will be set out: Keeping this experiment a fair test There are many variables in this experiment that can effect the outcome of this experiment. The dependant variables that I will keep the same will be the height of the tin can above the wick. I will keep this the same because different heights can effect the heat that is transferred to the tin can and into the water, therefore altering the temperature change. I will use the same tin can so that the experiment is fair and that different cans may be of different thicknesses so allowing different amounts of heat through. I will keep the amount of water that I put inside the tin can, the same for each experiment to be fair. I will decide on this amount from my preliminary experiment. The time for each experiment will also be kept the same to ensure the water has had equal amounts of time for it to heat up, again I will decide on the time from my preliminary experiment. The independent variables that I
"Could Sainsbury's add value to their business by using an alternative fuel for their HGV fleet?"
Contents Page No. 1. Executive Summary.......................................................................................2 .1 Topic Description .2 Title Question .3 Objectives .4 Recommendation 2. Research Agenda and Assumptions Made........................................................3 2.1 Agenda 2.2 Assumptions 3. Sainsbury's current fuel source and the associated costs..................................4 3.1 Overview of current situation 3.2 Economic costs of using diesel 3.3 Environmental and social costs of using diesel 4. Alternative fuel sources available to Sainsbury's...............................................5 4.1 LPG 4.2 Biodiesel 4.3 Electric Vehicles 4.4 Fuel Cells 5. Why Natural Gas?..........................................................................................7 5.1 Future availability 5.2 Non-financial and financial benefits 5.3 Technical options available 5.4 Government support and incentives 6. Investment Appraisal.....................................................................................9 6.1 Net Present Value 6.2 Payback 6.3 Conclusion 7. Consumer Perception & Brand Image.............................................................11 7.1 Overview 7.2 What proportion of the population is concerned with environmental issues 7.3 Implications for Sainsbury's 7.4 Positive spill over effects 7.5
Molar Heat of Combustion of Alcohols
Molar Heat of Combustion of Alcohols Task: To find the molar heat of combustion of propanol, ethanol and butanol and to calculate the theoretical values using average bond enthalpies. Then to compare these to the practical values obtained from the experiments, also to predict the theoretical and practical molar heat of combustion of pentanol. Planning Background Information Alcohols: Alcohols are part of a family of compounds that are all based on a chain of carbon atoms. They can be considered derivatives of water in which the hydrocarbon atom has been replaced by a hydrocarbon chain. Alcohols all have the general formula CnH2n+1OH and which burn cleanly in oxygen or a plentiful supply of air to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour. If the air supply is reduced then they will burn to produce carbon monoxide, soot and water vapour. All Alcohols contain an oxygen atom in a hydroxyl group, meaning that the oxygen atom is joined to the hydrogen atom as well as the carbon atom. All alcohols contain at least one oxygen atom joined to a carbon atom by a single bond. Equations for the Three Alcohols: This is the formula for all alcohols: Cn H2n+1 OH The molar heat of combustion is the heat liberated when one mole of alcohol is burnt in a plentiful supply of air. These are the formulas for the combustion of the three alcohols. Butanol + Oxygen › Carbon Dioxide +
Comparing the enthalpy changes of combustion of different alcohols.
Comparing the enthalpy changes of combustion of different alcohols. Planning What are alcohols? Alcohol is the common family name for the hydrocarbon group alkanols. They are part of a homologous series. At least one of the hydrogen groups in the molecule is replaced by an -OH group. H H H H H H | | | | | | H - 1C - 2C - 3C - H › H - 1C - 2C - 3C - H | | | | | | H H H H OH H Propane Propan-2-ol They are all organic compounds. The general formulas for the alcohols are: CnH(2n+1)OH Where n represents a number. The first and simplest member of the alkanols family is methanol. Its molecular formula is CH3OH. You can now see that each member of the alcohol family has a different number of carbons in its structure. They increase by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms each time. All combustion reactions are exothermic which is why all enthalpy of combustion values are negative. The question that this piece of coursework is going to answer is "Is there a relationship between the number of carbon atoms in a chain and the enthalpy change of combustion?" Aim The aim of this experiment is to prove that the longer the hydrocarbon chain the higher the amount of energy transferred to the water, therefore fewer moles of fuel will be used to achieve a temperature rise of 15°C. The enthalpy change of
Chemistry Course Work: Combustion of Alcohols
CHEMISTRY COURSE WORK: COMBUESTION OF ALCOHOLS AIM: My main aim in this assignment is to investigate the combustion of at least five alcohols: Ethanol Propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol Hexan-1-ol In this investigation we will also concentrate on how much energy is exerted when burning these alcohols we will also compare the Molar Heat of Combustion. Alcohols are also known as "A series of organic homologous compounds with a general formula 'Cn H2n + 1 OH' " Alcohols also burn in air where they react with Oxygen (O) to form the products of Water (H20) and Carbon Dioxide (Co2). "Cn H2n + 1OH + (n+n/2)-1O2 ? nH2O + nCO2" The reaction that takes place when alcohols are burnt is 'Exothermic' as heat is being given out; also the Reactant energy is higher than that of the Product. APPARATUS: Copper Can, (Calorimeter) Spirit Burner, Stand, Boss and Clamp with Wide Jaws, Measuring Cylinder (100 cm3), Thermometer (-100c to +1100c), Balance, Spirits: Ethanol, Propan-1-ol, Butan-1-ol, Pentan-1-ol, Hexan-1-ol, 100 cm3 of Water (H2O). Weighing scale (g) PLANNING: To actually help me make a proper plan and assessment of this investigation I will need to research mainly up on 'Combustion of Alcohols' and matters relating to it. The data obtained and collected shall hopefully help me make a sound and stable prediction; this can also
To investigate the relationship between the structure and heat produced by combustion for a range of alcohols
CHEMISTRY COURSEWORK: COMBUSTION OF ALCOHOLS AIM To investigate the relationship between the structure and heat produced by combustion for a range of alcohols THEORY ALCOHOLS Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds containing the functional group -OH known as a hydroxyl group. A functional group is a group of atoms in a structure that determines the characteristic reactions of a compound. In an alcohol, the hydroxyl group is bonded to an alkyl group. This is a chain of methyl groups with the formula CnH2n+1. The hydroxyl and methyl groups are covalently bonded. Bonds are the attraction of atoms or ions that hold a compound together. The bonds in an alcohol are always covalent. These are chemical bonds formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms. Covalent bonds are relatively weak bonds. The alcohol series are compounds that contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Where n is the constant, the general formula for alcohols are CnH2nOH. This is very similar to another series of compounds the alkanes. The formula for alkanes is CnH2n+1. Because the alcohols and alkanes are very similar, alcohols are sometimes known as alkanols. The homologous series of alkanols contains the following isomers (that will take part in the experiment). Alkanol Molecular Formula RMM Methanol CH3OH 32 Ethanol C2H5OH 46 Propan-1-ol
