The aim is to investigate if there is a link between the number of carbon atoms in a fuel and the amount of heat produced by that fuel.
Chemistry - Coursework Aim The aim is to investigate if there is a link between the number of carbon atoms in a fuel and the amount of heat produced by that fuel. Prediction I predict that the more carbon atoms that are in a fuel, the more heat the fuel will generate. Risk Assessment There are some safety precautions that will have to be taken when the experiment is carried out. These will be determined by the hazards that are in the room and hazards that could occur. These are: * Heatproof mat * Goggles * Tie tucked in shirt * Hair clipped back * The alcohol's are flammable so care must be taken with them * Equipment might get hot * There will be naked flames Equipment used and reasons ³ Calorimeter - this is used to hold water. This is used because it is non flammable so even when in close contacts with the fuels, it will not burn. ³ Tripod - this is used to keep calorimeter at a safe distance away from the fuels. ³ Heat proof mat - this is used so that the desk does not get burned or marked when the fuels are burning. ³ Thermometer - this is used to measure the temperature of the water, before and after the experiment. ³ Measuring cylinder - this was used to measure the 100ml of water that was needed for the experiment. ³ Alcohols - this is used as the fuels for the experiment ³ Foil - this is used to stop heat escaping for the fuels so
The differences between the Alkali metals and the Transition metals.
`The differences between the Alkali metals and the Transition metals In this essay I will explain the differences between the alkaline metals of Group 1 (la) in the periodic table and the Transition elements of groups 3 to 12 (lllb - llb) I will explain the reactivity, density, melting point, electronic metals and the uses. I will also compare the differences between the two groups. What are the Alkali metals? The alkali metals are a group of six elements that are in-group 1 of the periodic table. They have low melting points are soft compared to other metals and are so reactive that they are always combined with other elements. They are powerful reducing agents this meaning that they are always willing to lose an atom to have a complete outer shell that makes the element stable. What are the Transition elements? These elements are elements that share the same electronic orbital structure; this means that they have similar chemical properties. These elements are defined as 31 elements that have atomic numbers that range from 21-30, 39-48 and 71-80 in the periodic table .The transition metals sometimes take on negative oxidation states. There properties are similar to other metals: there similarities include malleability, ductility, high conductivity of heat and a high conductivity of electricity. The elements act as reducing elements or otherwise "Donors of electrons"
Heat of Neutralisation - I am going to investigate the heat of neutralisation between acids and alkalis.
Heat of Neutralisation. I am going to investigate the heat of neutralisation between acids and alkalis. Prediction I predict that no matter what strong acid and alkali react together you will always get the same heat of neutralisation because the same reaction is always taking place. E.g. . HCl and NaOH 2. HNO3 and NaOH 3. NO3 and KOH . H++Cl¯+Na+ + OH¯ Na++Cl¯ + H2O H+ + OH¯ H2O 2. H+ + NO3¯+ Na++OH¯ Na+ + NO3¯+ H2O H+ + OH¯ H2O 3. H+ + NO3¯ + K+ + OH¯ K+ + NO3¯ + H2O H++ OH¯ H2O I am also going to react 2 weak acids (ethanoic acid and propanoic acid) with a strong alkali (sodium hydroxide.) I predict that the energy change i.e. the heat of neutralisation will not be same as before because with weak acids and alkalis some energy is required to fully ionise them. Heat of neutralisation is the heat change when an acid and an alkali react together to form 1 mole of water. Fair Test To ensure the investigation is made fair I will always use the same concentration of acid and alkali (1 mole.) The experiments will always be carried out at room temperature so the initial temperature is the same. I will also repeat the experiments to obtain good results, if the results vary in any way I will calculate the average. Apparatus Measuring Cylinders Pipettes Thermometers Polystyrene Cup Safety To ensure the experiments are carried
Marble Chips and Hydrochloric Acid.
Marble Chips and Hydrochloric Acid PLANNING AIM To find if changing the concentration of an acid will increase or decrease the rate of the reaction when marble is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. With the equation CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 +H2O + CO2 HYPOTHESES A reaction occurs when particles collide. This process is based on random particle movement. So therefore, the more particles you have in a space, the more likely they are to collide. Therefore making the reaction accelerate. This theory can be proved if you compare the rates of reaction with marble in hydrochloric acid. 'If the acid is of a higher concentration, the reaction will be quicker.' Also if the particles have more energy, they will be travelling faster, making them collide more frequently. PREDICTION When the concentration of acid increases, more gas will be given off faster. I know this from my trial experiments. METHOD Since I will be working with strong acid, I will wear safety goggles while conducting the experiment. I will use Marble chips all of a small size. I can use a sieve to make sure they are all roughly similar size- about 7mm diameter. The amount of acid I have decided on is 10ml. And so the amount of marble must be in excess - 3g. I can measure the speed of the reaction by how much gas is given off. I can measure this in cm3 in a gas syringe. when the experiment takes place, I will take
The purpose of this lab is to identify two different unknown organic compounds, through investigating different chemical properties by various experiments. The chemicals could be alkanes (hexane), alkenes (hex-1-ene) or alcohols (methylpentan-1-ol or hexa
Identification of unknown organic compounds Mohit Parkash Elias Assaf Mr. Nicolas Chemistry B N2A IEGS Introduction; We are provided with three sample bottles each containing 5-10 cm3 of aqueous solutions. Two of the compounds are pure organic substances while one substance is a mixture of the two pure organic compounds. The pure substances provided could possibly be Hexane, Hex-1-ene, Hexan-1-ol or methylpentan-1-ol. Aim; The purpose of this lab is to identify two different unknown organic compounds, through investigating different chemical properties by various experiments. The chemicals could be alkanes (hexane), alkenes (hex-1-ene) or alcohols (methylpentan-1-ol or hexan-1ol). Background; Alkanes, alkenes and alcohols are all organic compounds with different chemical/physical properties. Different chemical properties give different reactions with other substances, and different physical properties are for instance boiling point, melting point and density. By testing for their properties it is possible to determine what an unknown organic compound is. Alkenes are very useful compounds that can be used for fuel and illuminant, for the manufacture of a variety of polymers and as raw material for the manufacture of industrial chemicals such as alcohols etc. Alkanes are very useful compounds that can be used in the production of polymers and fuels. The
In my investigation I am going to look at how concentration affects the rate of reaction, and the reaction I am going to look at is Sodium Thiosulphate (Na2 S2 O3) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl).
An Investigation into the rate of reaction is affected by the concentration of a solution The rate of a reaction is the speed at which the reactants change into products. Reactions can be fast and slow for example rusting is a slow reaction and magnesium reacting with oxygen is an example of a fast reaction. There are several factors that affect the rate of reaction these include - ==> Surface area/size of solid particles ==> Concentration of solutions ==> Temperature ==> Presence of a catalyst Aim In my investigation I am going to look at how concentration affects the rate of reaction, and the reaction I am going to look at is Sodium Thiosulphate (Na2 S2 O3) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). The equation for the experiment is shown below - Na2 S2 O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + S (s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l) In previous times seeing this experiment I have seen what happens, the solution (which is made up of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid) has become cloudy, this is because the sulphur is precipitated and sulphur is insoluble. In my experiment I am going to time how quickly it takes the solutions of different concentrations to produce solid sulphur, observing how quickly an "X" is observed under a conical flask of solution. When the "X" is obscured the reaction has went to the same point. Prediction I predict that the stronger concentration of sodium
In this investigation we are going to measure the rate of reaction of marble and HCl when the concentration or surface area of marble is changed.
Chemistry Coursework-Investigation on the rate of reaction between HCl (Hydrochloric acid) and Marble (Calcium Carbonate - CaCO3) Aim: In this investigation we are going to measure the rate of reaction of marble and HCl when the concentration or surface area of marble is changed. Introduction: A rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants become an end product. For a reaction to happen, the particles that are reacting have to collide. If they collide, with enough energy and pressure, then they will react. There are several factors that affect the rate of reaction. Firstly temperature will affect the rate of reaction; if the temperature is cold the particles will move more slowly, with less energy resulting in a slower reaction. However in a hot temperature the particles move more quickly, they collide more with more energy, creating a faster rate of reaction. Secondly concentration will affect it, the lower the concentration the more spread out the particles, so they will collide less and create a slower rate of reaction. Thirdly using a catalyst can be used to speed up a reaction, without it being changed. The factor that we will be investigating is the size and surface area, large particles have a small surface area so there are less particles exposed for collision, which means a slower reaction. However small particles have larger surface area and have faster
pH Lab Report - testing household liquids
Alyssa Bellave Living Environment 0/26/11 Mrs. Padilla pH Lab Introduction: Substances, even household substances, can be acidic, basic, or neutral. Acids and bases are called aqueous solutions, or mixtures of certain substances dissolved in water. The amount of acidity or basicity can be measured by using the pH scale. The scale runs from 1-14. The scale has to do with the amount of hydrogen ions [resent in a substance. Hypothesis: Our hypothesis for this experiment consists of twelve different substances. The tomato juice will be acidic; the distilled water will be neutral; the Windex will be basic; the vinegar will be basic; the soda will be basic; the milk will be neutral; the buttermilk will be neutral; the baking soda solutions will be acidic; the "green" cleaner will be basic; the household cleaner will be acidic; the Lemon Juice will be acidic. Materials: For this lab we need pH paper, a spot plate, water (distilled, if available), and substances with varying pH. Safety: In this lab we must were goggles and aprons to avoid skin contact with all chemicals that are going to be used in this experiment. If it does happen, we must report any skin contact or chemical spills to our instructor immediately. Procedure: First we get a spot plate and put three to four drops of each liquid substance in each of the wells. The liquid must correspond
Identifying an Ionic Compound. Objectives: To learn and test for metal ions and non-metal ions and then apply them to discover the identity of an unknown ionically bonded substance
Identifying an Ionic Compound- Introduction Ionic compounds are defined as being compounds where two or more ions (an atom or group of atoms with an overall electrical charge) are held next to each other by electrical attraction. One of the ions has a positive charge - called a "cation", and the other has a negative charge - called "anion". Cations are usually metal atoms and anions are either nonmetal or polyatomic ions (ions with more than one atom). Usually, when we have ionic compounds, they form large crystals that you can see with the naked eye. Table salt is one of this- if you look at a crystal of salt, you can see that it has in irregular cube shape. This is because salt likes to stack in little cube-shaped blocks. When forming salt, Na readily loses an electron and Cl readily gains an electrons so both can become stable. Heat is added in the reaction so Na burns brightly in CL gas and a white solid forms on the sides of the container. This solid is salt, or sodium chloride. When the chlorine atom gained an electron, the atoms arrange themselves in a lattice. The force of attraction between a cation and anion is a very strong bond called an "ionic bond". This is an electrostatic attraction. An ionic bond happens between a metal and a nonmetal. Properties of salts: 0. All ionic compounds form crystals. 0. Ionic compounds tend to have high melting and boiling
I measured the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction. The reactants were Sodium thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid.
Data Analysis - Chemistry Coursework The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction ANALYSIS: For my data analysis, I measured the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction. The reactants were Sodium thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid. This reaction made the products sodium chloride, sulphur dioxide, sulphur and water. When an acid is added to sodium thiosulphate, a yellow, cloudy precipitate is formed. And, as the sodium thiosulphate becomes more and more diluted, the solution takes longer and longer to form. However, in order for the reaction to take place, the reactants must first collide with each other. The collision theory should take place with the minimum amount of energy; this is called the activation energy. Head on collisions contain more energy, if collisions have enough energy then the collision that took place is successful and therefore a reaction occurs, however this isn't the case with all collisions. The collisions happen regardless of whether both the particles are in the solution, or whether one is in the solution and the other is a solid. The chances of collision are higher when the concentration is higher. For many reactions that involve liquids or gases, the increase of concentration on the reactants will increase the rate at which the reaction takes place. The point at which the reaction starts is called the energy barrier. When this
