Marble Chips and Hydrochloric Acid.
Marble Chips and Hydrochloric Acid PLANNING AIM To find if changing the concentration of an acid will increase or decrease the rate of the reaction when marble is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. With the equation CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 +H2O + CO2 HYPOTHESES A reaction occurs when particles collide. This process is based on random particle movement. So therefore, the more particles you have in a space, the more likely they are to collide. Therefore making the reaction accelerate. This theory can be proved if you compare the rates of reaction with marble in hydrochloric acid. 'If the acid is of a higher concentration, the reaction will be quicker.' Also if the particles have more energy, they will be travelling faster, making them collide more frequently. PREDICTION When the concentration of acid increases, more gas will be given off faster. I know this from my trial experiments. METHOD Since I will be working with strong acid, I will wear safety goggles while conducting the experiment. I will use Marble chips all of a small size. I can use a sieve to make sure they are all roughly similar size- about 7mm diameter. The amount of acid I have decided on is 10ml. And so the amount of marble must be in excess - 3g. I can measure the speed of the reaction by how much gas is given off. I can measure this in cm3 in a gas syringe. when the experiment takes place, I will take
Identifying an Ionic Compound. Objectives: To learn and test for metal ions and non-metal ions and then apply them to discover the identity of an unknown ionically bonded substance
Identifying an Ionic Compound- Introduction Ionic compounds are defined as being compounds where two or more ions (an atom or group of atoms with an overall electrical charge) are held next to each other by electrical attraction. One of the ions has a positive charge - called a "cation", and the other has a negative charge - called "anion". Cations are usually metal atoms and anions are either nonmetal or polyatomic ions (ions with more than one atom). Usually, when we have ionic compounds, they form large crystals that you can see with the naked eye. Table salt is one of this- if you look at a crystal of salt, you can see that it has in irregular cube shape. This is because salt likes to stack in little cube-shaped blocks. When forming salt, Na readily loses an electron and Cl readily gains an electrons so both can become stable. Heat is added in the reaction so Na burns brightly in CL gas and a white solid forms on the sides of the container. This solid is salt, or sodium chloride. When the chlorine atom gained an electron, the atoms arrange themselves in a lattice. The force of attraction between a cation and anion is a very strong bond called an "ionic bond". This is an electrostatic attraction. An ionic bond happens between a metal and a nonmetal. Properties of salts: 0. All ionic compounds form crystals. 0. Ionic compounds tend to have high melting and boiling
My experiment will be conducted to find out at what concentration does sodium thiosulphate with hydrochloric acid have the most reaction and how the concentration generally affects the rate of reaction.
How does concentration affect rate of reaction? I am going to conduct an experiment on rate of reaction and how the concentration of sodium thiosulphate affects the rate of reaction. Several things such as temperature, ph and concentration can affect the rate of reaction. My experiment will be conducted to find out at what concentration does sodium thiosulphate with hydrochloric acid have the most reaction and how the concentration generally affects the rate of reaction. Particle size has a big impact on the speed of a reaction, if the particles are big then the reaction would be slow but if the particles are small the reaction will be fast. A catalyst often changes a reaction rate and they increase the speed of reaction always. The rate of reaction for this experiment will be measured by timing how long it takes for the sulphur from the sodium thiosulphate to cover an 'x' under a beaker. To test the rate of reaction and what affects it, we could have tested the effect of ph on rate of reaction, but that was not complicated enough. We used: * Sodium thiosulphate * Water * Hydrochloric acid Dilute sodium thiosulphate with water according to these measurements: Concentration HCL THIO H2O 00% 20ml 60ml 0ml 75% 20ml 45ml 5ml 50% 20ml 30ml 30ml 40% 20ml 24ml 36ml 25% 20ml 45ml 5ml How we carried out the investigation ) Prepare equipment 2)
To see how the concentration of acid, reacting with potassium carbonate, affects the rate of reaction
Aim: To see how the concentration of acid, reacting with potassium carbonate, affects the rate of reaction. Intro: This is the reaction I am using in my coursework: 2HCl + K2CO3 CO2 + 2KCL + H2O In order for substances to react together the particles in the substances must collide with each other and the collision must have enough energy. If there isn't enough energy, no reaction occurs. If there are lots of successful collisions then a lot of CO2 will be produced. The rate of a reaction depends on how many successful collisions there are in a given unit of time. A reaction can be made to go slower or faster by changing the concentration of a reactant. Acid particle Water molecule Potassium carbonate tablet 1 2 In dilute acid, there are not so many acid particles (see diagram 1). This means there is not much chance of acid particles hitting a potassium carbonate particle. In a more concentrated solution of acid, there are more acid particles (see diagram 2). There is now more chance of a successful collision occurring. Concentration is how much of a substance there is in a certain volume and is measured in Moles per litre of solution (M). The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute, in grams or Moles that is dissolved in a litre of solution. That is what my coursework is mainly about. I predict that on my
Chemistry - Reactivity Serires report
Name: Daniel Shih Form: 5D Teacher: Dr. Aravind School: Kiangsu-Chekiang College International Section Date: 12th January 2007 Index I Introduction Planning - Aims, Variables, Fair Test, Prediction, Hypothesis Planning - Apparatus, Procedure, Measurement, Safety rules Obtaining - Observation, Results Observation Analyse - Table 1 and Table 2 Analyse - Table 3 and Table 4 Analyse - Table 5 Evaluation, Conclusion Resources Introduction: What is the reactivity of metal? The reactivity of metal was the rate of metal which it would be reacting with each others. The higher the reactivity was, they could have replaced the more other kind of metal in the metal solutions. The metal who has the highest reactivity now is Potassium (K). What is metal? Metal is elements, there were more than 50 kinds of metals scientists have discovered today. The metal have different reactivity rate. Just like the Food Chain, higher reactivity metal can replace the lower reactivity metal when the reactions have occurs. How the reactions can occurs? The reaction occurs when a metal have replaced the other kind of metal in a solution, as example, When Magnesium have be drop into a Iron Sulphate solution, reaction occurs. Magnesium will take over irons placed, and formed Magnesium Sulphate solution, and left with Iron crystal. The Word equation will be: Magnesium + Iron Sulphate
Temp labreport
How Temperature of HCL Effect Rate Of Hydrogen Produced Aim:- To determine how temperature affects the rate at which the reaction between Magnesium ribbon (Mg) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) takes place. Introduction:- The rate of reaction can be affected by a number of factors: temperature, concentration, adding a catalyst and surface area. The one that I am going to be investigating and explaining about is temperature. Changes in temperature change the kinetic energy of the particles and hence the numbers of successful collisions with enough energy to break existing bonds and make products. For a reaction to take place, molecules must collide with each other. When they do so, they must possess enough energy to break the intermolecular bonds and hence, cause a reaction. The two theories that affect temperature and the rate of reaction are the kinetic theory and the collision theory. The kinetic theory clearly states that the positioning and movement of particles in a substance increases if the temperature increases. Therefore, increasing the temperature increases the energy between the particles and makes them move around a lot more and collide more often. Hypothesis: - The rate of reaction has a positive relationship with the temperature of the Hydrochloric Acid. Apparatus:- ) Test tube 2) Rubber tube (a.k.a. delivery tube) 3) Measuring cylinder X2 [1-10ml, 1-100
A discussion of Atoms.
Atoms There are 112 elements although elements 110-112 are as yet unnamed. These 112 elements are organized in the periodic table: The modern chemical symbols were introduced by Berzelius. Rows of elements are called "periods" and columns of elements are called "groups" (1A, 2A 3B etc.). There are three general classes of elements distinguished by their physical properties: the metals (generally shiny and conduct electricity), the non metals (not shiny, sometimes gasses at STP and poor conductors of electricity) and the metalloids (properties in between those of metals and non metals.). Some groups have special names: Group 1A: Alkali metals Group 2A: Alkali earth metals Groups 3B-2B: Transition metals Group 7A: Halogens Group 8A: Noble gases Many of the heavier elements are unstable - which means that the atoms of those elements break apart very quickly. Elements within a group share similar chemical properties. Other chemical and physical properties of the elements can be deduced from their position in the periodic table. The structure of the periodic table and thus their chemical and physical properties is directly related to their atomic structure. Atomic Weights Most elements can be found on earth (with the exception of those elements that too unstable and thus must be synthesized in the laboratory). Since all elements have isotopes then we must consider how
Chemistry Investigation on neutralisation reaction.
Chemistry Investigation on neutralisation reaction Plan Neutralisation is the reaction that occurs when an acid has its acidity, that is its hydrogen ions removed by, another chemical containing OH- hydroxide ions. Chemicals that can cancel out an acid in this way are: bases (metal oxides or hydroxides), alkalis (bases that dissolve), metals (e.g. magnesium) or metal carbonates (e.g. marble chips) All of these have a similar way of removing the hydrogen from the acids (they swap it or their metal atoms) but the reactions are quite different. They will all get quite hot if the acid is strong enough, but only the last two will make bubbles. Metals form hydrogen gas, carbonates make carbon dioxide. All of them will leave a neutral chemical after the reaction has finished, if all the acid has been used up. Titration is a technique used to calculate the concentrations or amounts of substances. In an acid base titration you may have an acid that you don't know the concentration of, and a base whose concentration you do know. The technique is to measure out accurately a volume of the alkali of unknown concentration into a flask, and fill up a burette with the acid. Add some indicator solution to the acid in the flask, so that when all the acid has reacted with the base, there will be a colour change. The burette is graduated. You then open the tap on the burette and let the acid
Analysis of Neutralisation of NaOH
Analysis The results of my investigation show that the larger the amount of hydrogen in the acid, the smaller the amount of acid needed to neutralise the alkali. This is because when an acid is added to an alkali each hydrogen ion in the acid joins an hydroxide ion in the alkali to form neutral water. Hydrogen ion from Hydroxide ion from Neutral water acid alkali The solution only becomes neutral if the amount of hydrogen ions and the amount of hydroxide ions are equal. If there were more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions then once every hydroxide ion joined with 1 hydrogen ion there would be hydrogen ions left meaning the solution would become acidic. If there were more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions then once every hydrogen ion joined with 1 hydroxide ion there would be hydroxide ions left meaning the solution would become alkaline. When an acid contains more hydrogen then there are a greater number of hydrogen ions per ml than in an acid containing less hydrogen so it will be stronger. For example in sulphuric acid (H2SO4) there would be more hydrogen ions than in the same amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl), twice as many because there are twice as many in the formula. The alkali in my experiment remained the same throughout (NaOH)
Covalent bonding
Covalent bonding is an intermolecular form of chemical bonding characterized by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two components, producing a mutual attraction that holds the resultant molecule together. Atoms tend to share electrons in such a way that their outer electron shells are filled - this is referred to as electron configuration. Such bonds are always stronger than the intermolecular hydrogen bond and similar in strength to or stronger than the ionic bond. In contrast to the ionic and metallic bond, the covalent bond is directional, i.e. the bond angles have a great impact on the strength of the bond. Because of the directional character of the bond, covalently bound materials are more difficult to deform than metals. The cause of the directionality is the form of the s, p, d, and f orbitals. In organic chemistry, the directionality of the bonding is often described by hybrid orbitals. Covalent bonding most frequently occurs between atoms with similar electronegativities. For this reason, non-metals tend to engage in covalent bonding more readily since metals have access to metallic bonding, where the easily-removed electrons are more free to roam about. For non-metals, liberating an electron is more difficult, so sharing is the only option when confronted with another species of similar electronegativity. However, covalent bonding involving
