To find the effects of the concentration of hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction on marble chips.
To find the effects of the concentration of hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction on marble chips. Aim: To find the effects of the concentration of hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction on marble chips. Introduction: The concentration of acid in a solution is dependant on how many particles there are of the acid in it. As you increase the concentration of the acid, there will be more acid particles in the same volume. For example, if you use the same tap water and pour it into a 100ml beaker and a 1-litre beaker the concentration would be the same. Only if more particles of water are added will the concentration rise. Marble chips can dissolve in acids; if the concentration of the acid is varied then the speed of the reaction will either slow down or speed up. All substances are made out up of particles, before we can get a chemical reaction the particles of the two substances must collide against each other. This is called the collision theory. This means that the higher the concentration of Hydrochloric acid or water the more likely it is that the two lots of particles will collide, the result would be that the rate of reaction would increase. The surface area of solids will increase and decrease on the size of the object. For example if you take one piece of marble and three smaller pieces, the smaller pieces combined will have a larger surface area. For
The rate of reaction.
Background Knowledge The rate of reaction depends on the speed at which a reaction will take place. The speed of a reaction can be observed either by how quickly the reactants are used up or how quickly the products are forming. The rate of reaction can be affected by various factors including temperature, the higher the temperature the more energy the particles will have therefore the number of collisions will increase. It can also be affected by a catalyst, the size of the particles (or surface area) and the concentration. The factor which I am concerned with in this experiment is the concentration of sodium triosulphate and hydrochloric acid. The rate of reaction simply depends on how often and how hard the reacting particles collide with each other. The more collisions that take place will increase the rate of reaction, when the concentration is increased, it means that there are more particles of reactant between the water molecules and hence, a greater amount of collisions taking place. There are three ways to measure the rate of reaction. The first is by precipitation which is when the product of the reaction is a precipitate which clouds the solution. The second method is by measuring the change in mass, usually when a gas is given off. Any reaction that produces a gas can be carried out on a mass balance and as the gas is released, the mass disappearing is easily
The Rate of Reaction
Investigating the The Rate of Reaction Background: A reaction is where two or more atoms collide with each other. These atoms are different substances, when they react with each other they then change to a different substance. The rates of the reaction and how fast they change depends on a number of things, these are: > Surface Area - Surface area is a measure of how much surface is exposed. We find that small pieces of solids, especially powers, react faster than large pieces. As we increase the surface area, we increase the rate of reaction. > Concentration - The acid particles can only react with the marble chips when they collide. As you increase the concentration of the acid, there are more acid particles in the same volume. Therefore, there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding and reacting, with the particles on the surface on the marble. As we increase the concentration, the rate of reaction increases. > Temperature - When you heat the particles, the particles have more energy and move around more quickly. As they travel faster there are more collisions in a certain time. Therefore, reactions get faster as we raise the temperature. At higher temperatures the particles move faster and crash together harder. If you raise the temperature by 10°c, you roughly double the rate of many reactions. As we increase the temperature, we increase the rate of
The rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid
Rates of Reaction Investigation PLAN Aim: An investigation to find the effect of changing the concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. Safety Precautions * Tie hair back * Wear goggles at all times * Be careful when using the chemicals * Do not run * Do not sit down during experiment * Tuck in bags and stools. Fair Test To make the experiment a fair test, it must be carried out by: * Using the same equipment each time * Keeping a control to determine whether the experiments have worked correctly * Making sure all of the independent variables are controlled, except ONE which is changed * Make sure the stopwatch is always started at the same time for each test * The temperature should be the same for each test done Prediction I think that the higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the quicker the cross will disappear. This means that the graph will have positive correlation. This is explained by the collision theory. Particles have to collide for a reaction to take place. However, only particles with enough energy manage to cause a reaction when they collide. The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that a particle needs to cause a reaction. The activation energy depends on the reaction, but if the frequency of the collisions increases, so will the reaction rate increase.
The rate of reaction of metals with acid.
The rate of reaction of metals with acid Aim: To determine the order of reaction and the activation energy of the reaction between Magnesium and Hydrochloric acid. To do this I will have to carry out two procedures; one for the order of reaction and one for the activation energy. Background knowledge Rate of reaction In a reaction that takes place between two substances X and Y it is possible to follow the reaction by observing how quickly substance X is used up. The scientific way to see how the rate changes, would be by changing the concentration. The rate of reaction is usually measured as the change in concentration of a reaction species with time. The units of rate= mol dm-3 s-1 Concentration per time Order of reaction For a reaction: A+B+C Products The order of reaction shows how the reaction rate is affected by the concentrations of A, B and C. If the order is 0 (zero order) with respect to reactant A than the rate is unaffected by changes in concentration of A. The way to show this is this: Rate [ A ]0 If the order is 1 (first order) with respect to a reactant B than the rate is doubled by doubling of the concentration of reactant B. Rate [ B ]1 If the order is 2 (second order) with respect to a reactant C than the rate is quadrupled by doubling of the concentration of reactant C. Rate [ C ]2 Combining the information above Rate [ A ]0[ B
The Reactivity Series.
The Reactivity Series. Aim: To find the order of reactivity using 5 metals; Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Iron and Calcium. I will find the order by adding each metal with Copper (ii) Sulphate, (Cu SO4), and finding there exothermic temperatures through out the experiment. Prediction: I think the order of reactivity for these five metals will be: Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron and Copper. This is because of where each metal is placed in the Periodic Table. Group 1 and 2 are more reactive than the transition metals, and the further you go down a group, the more reactive the metal gets. That is why Calcium is one period below Magnesium. Iron, Zinc and Copper are transition metals, meaning they come last. To find out the reactivity of the transition metals, you see how reactive each one is when it is added to an acid and water solution. No experiment is needed to be carried out with Copper, as Copper (ii) can not displace it's self in the solution - Copper (ii) Sulphate. The results will probably stay the same as the room temperature or even the temperature of the Copper (ii) Sulphate. Though, to make these experiments a fair test, and to be certain that my hypothesis is correct, I shall do the Copper experiment. I think the graphs will all start at room temperature and as soon as the Cu So4 is added the temperature will rise. Of course Calcium will be the
Who's cheating on the vinegar?
Chemistry Course Work - Neutralisation of ethonoic acid Who's cheating on the vinegar? Task: A chip shop owner buys his vinegar from 4 different suppliers A, B, C and Safe way. He suspects that at least one of them waters down the vinegar supplied to them by the manufacturer. You are the analytical chemist assigned to investigate this. You have already planned an experiment that will give you the evidence you need. The following results have been taken from a similar experiment. Your task is to analyse these results and present your conclusion. You must then evaluate the experiment by assessing its success in answering the original question, explaining any anomalous results, and suggesting any possible improvements. Aim: I have been asked to find out if any of the suppliers have been watering down the vinegar they have supplied to the chip shop owner. I will do this by using a technique called Titration. Vinegar is ethonoic acid What is Titration? Titration is a form of neutralisation. This is a process of determining the concentration of a substance in solution. A measured amount of a known solution concentration (molarity) is added to an unknown volume of a second solution in carefully measured amounts until a reaction of definite and known proportion is completed. Neutralisation is when a Hydrogen ion and a Hydroxide ion react together to form water which is
Whether the voltage affects the amount of gas produced during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.
Electrolysis Coursework Aim An investigation into whether the voltage affects the amount of gas produced during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. Prediction When electrolysis of sodium chloride solution takes place there are four ions produced. These are Na+, H+, Cl-, OH-. The sodium and hydrogen are attracted to the cathode but it is the hydrogen given off because it is the less reactive of the two. The half equation for this is H+ +2e›H2. The chloride ion and hydroxide ion will be attracted to the anode because they are both negative but it is the chloride ion that will be given off because it is always the halogen that is given off. The half equation for this is 2Cl- -2e›Cl2. I also predict that increasing the voltage which will increase the current, which will increase the number of electrons flowing which will increase the volume of gas given off. Preliminary When conducting this part of the experiment I started off by trying the experiment on the lowest reading on the power pack which was 0.2v. This was to low as it would take too long to get a good reading so I put it up to 4.0v which was adequate as it only took 30s to get a good reading, so I used 4.0v, 4.2v, 4.4v, 4.6v, 4.8v 5.0v. Diagram Method . Set up equipment as above. 2. Fill a measuring cylinder with water, and invert over the cathode. 3. Set the power pack at the voltage required.
Which equation is correct?
Which equation is correct? Aim Copper has two oxides, Cu2O and CuO. Copper carbonate, CuCO3 decomposes on heating to form one of these oxides and an equation can be written for each possible reaction: Equation 1: 2CuCO3(s) Cu2O(s) + 2CO2(g) + 0.5O2(g) Equation 2: CuCO3(s) CuO(s) + CO2(g) Using ideas that I have learnt about the mole, I will plan and design an experiment to measure a volume of gas that will prove which of the two equations is correct. Background Information Cu2O is known as cuprous oxide. It is a red crystalline material, which can be produced by electrolytic or furnace methods. CuO is cupric oxide. This, a black powder, can be prepared by the ignition of suitable salts such as the carbonate, the hydroxide, or the nitrate of copper, or by heating of cuprous oxide. The planning of this experiment requires previous knowledge about the mole. One mole of any substance, be it element or molecular compound, contains Avogadro's number of atoms. Avogadro's number is a constant, L, and is approximately 6.023 x 1023 mol-1. At room temperature and pressure, all gases occupy that same volume. One mole of any gas will occupy a volume of 24dm3. This information is useful for working out what amount of copper carbonate should be decomposed. Another important equation will be required in order to do this: Moles = Mass / Mr Therefore:
Which Equation is correct?
Chris Ellison Which Equation is correct? Introduction Copper has two oxides, Cu2O and CuO. When heated Copper carbonate, CuCO3 decomposes to form into one of these two oxides. An equation can be written for both- Equation 1: 2CuCO3(s)› Cu2O(s) + 2CO2(G) + 1/2O2(g) Equation 2: CuCO3(s) › CuO(s) + CO2(g) To find out which equation is correct we need to find out how many moles of CO2 and O2 are produced by one mole of CuCO3. Equation 1 g of CuCo3 will produce 247.2cm3 of gas. Number of moles = Mass Mr 1 124 = 0.0081 moles of CO2 0.0081 = 0.0020 moles of O2 4 = 0.0103 moles of gas produced for 1g of CuCO3. 0.0103 x 24000 = 247.2cm3 Equation 2 g of CuCO3 will produce 194.4cm3 of gas. 0.0081 moles of Co2. 0.0081 x 24000 = 194.4cm3 Using this we can find out which equation is correct by the amount of gas produced. Apparatus Conical Flask Rubber Tubing Rubber Bung Clamp Stand Clamp Gauze Water Bowl Bees Hive Measuring Cylinder (500cm3) Heat Proof Mat Bunsen Burner Copper Carbonate (At least 4g) Stop Watch Diagram Variables and Fair Test In this experiment I want to keep everything the same so I don't get anomalous results. The Copper Carbonate will need to be heated so the gas given off will also be hot, because of this the gas will need to be left to cool before being recorded. When weighing the copper carbonate first zero the scales
