concentration of acid rain
Determination of the concentration of acid rain The burning of fossil fuels has released tonnes of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, the consequence of which has been the formation of acid rain. Rain water is naturally acidic due to the presence of hydrocarbonate ions, but for this exercise it is to be assumed that all the acidity is caused by the presence of sulphuric acid. Aim: to calculate the concentration of sulphuric acid in acid rain. After consideration I have decided to use sodium hydroxide to calculate the concentration of the acid rain by means of an acid base reaction in a simple titration. Sodium carbonate was another alkali that I could have used but there are complications when using it in an acid base reaction. When the Na2CO3 reacts with the H2SO4 the CO32- ions react with the H+ to form CO2 and H2O. The carbon dioxide gas will bubble out of the titrated solution, this my distort the solution so it will be harder to see where the end point is. I know that the rough concentration of the acid rain is about 0.01 moles, so by means of a balanced equation I can determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide that would be suitable to titrate. H2SO4 + 2NaOH ? Na2SO4 + 2H2O As you can see we need twice as much sodium hydroxide compared to the sulphuric acid, so a concentration of 0.02 moles will be suitable. To make a solution of 0.02 moles I will need:
Standardization of bench hydrochloric acid
Experiment No.: 2 Date: Title: Standardization of bench hydrochloric acid Objective: To find the concentration of bench hydrochloric acid Chemicals Required: Bench Hydrochloric Acid (1M) 250cm3 Standard Sodium Carbonate Solution (0.05M) Methyl Orange Indicator Apparatus Required: 25cm3 Pipette x 1 Burette x 1 Pipette Filler x 1 Stand and Clamp x 1 Beaker x 2 Funnel x 1 250cm3 Conical Flask x 1 Dropper x 1 Clean White Paper x 1 Theory: Bench Hydrochloric Acid is titrated against 25cm3 Standard Sodium Carbonate Solution. 2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) The number of moles of Na2CO3 presented in the solution was divided by the volume of HCl(aq) used. The answer was multiplied by 2, and the result revealed the No. of Moles of HCl(aq) presented in the titre. The molarity of Bench Hydrochloric Acid could thus be calculated. Procedure: . 10 cm3 Bench Hydrochloric Acid was diluted to 100cm3 in a beaker, giving a solution of molarity around 0.1M. 2. The burette was rinsed with the diluted hydrochloric acid solution for 2 times. 3. The burette was filled with the diluted hydrochloric acid solution using the funnel. The initial level was recorded corrected to the nearest 0.05 cm3. 4. The burette was securely clamped. 5. 100cm3 Sodium Carbonate Solution was transferred into another beaker. 6. The pipette was first washed by deionized water, and
Find out the rates of reactions of magnesium with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid.
Aim: the aim of the investigation is to find out the rates of reactions of magnesium with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid. Prediction: I predict that the magnesium will displace hydrogen, as magnesium is more reactive (higher in the reactivity series) than hydrogen (lower in the reactivity series). This in turn will form magnesium chloride. But the different concentrations of acid will affect the speed of the reactions. The higher the concentration the more particles of acid there are, causing them to collide more frequently than the lower concentration, which has less particles of acid. Concluding that the higher concentration will collide with the substance more often, making the reaction faster. Also that the lower concentration will collide with the substance less often, making the reaction slower, than the higher one. The same idea of "it is quicker to dig a hole with 10 men than 1 man digging it by himself" can be put to this. Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 The above shows us that each magnesium atom reacts with 2 molecules of hydrochloric acid and this reaction forms 1 particle of magnesium chloride and 1 molecule of hydrogen. This means that the reaction needs at least 1 magnesium atom and 2 molecules of hydrochloric for the reaction to take place. This means, for example, if there are less
Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Experiment
Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Experiment Introduction I am going to perform an experiment to test the effect temperature has on the rate of reaction for sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. Rate of reaction is the speed at which a reaction occurs. Several things, depending on the reactants being used, can affect it. Temperature can affect most if not all reactions. Concentration (and pressure for gasses) will affect the rate of reaction. Particle size can have a drastic effect on the speed of a reaction, if the particles are large then the reaction will be slow but if the particles are small the reaction will be fast. Finally a catalyst can dramatically change a reaction rate and they always increase the speed of reaction. The rate of reaction for this experiment will measure by seeing how long it takes for the sulphur produced to cover a cross underneath the beaker. The chemical reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric is: 2HCL+Na2S2O3 2NaCl+S+SO2+H2O This basically says that two hydrochloric acid particles plus one sodium thiosulphate particle become two sodium chloride particles (salt) plus one sulphur particle plus one sulphur dioxide particle plus one hydrogen oxide (water) molecule. Plan Equipment: Bunsen burner Tripod Gauze Heatproof mat Tongs Beaker-small x6 Beaker-large x3 Test Tube x8 Burette x3
Investigating energy when fuels burn.
Investigating energy when fuels burn Aim The aim of my investigation is to find out how much energy certain alcohols give off when they are combusting. I will then see which of the alcohols are the best and worst fuels, the best fuel being the alcohol giving off the most energy and the worst fuel giving off the least energy. Variables Here is a list of all the possible variables in my experiment: * Amount of water * Amount of time water is heated * Amount of alcohol used * Type of Alcohol used. The input variable in my investigation will be the type of alcohol I use. The output variable will be the amount of energy given out per ml by the alcohols. The variables in which I will control are; the amount of water heated, amount of time the water is heated and the amount of alcohol heated. I will keep these variables the same to keep my investigation a fair test. Calculating the amount of energy given out My experiment involves heating 60ml of water by burning four different alcohols, one at a time. To calculate the amount of energy that each alcohol gives out I have to multiply the amount of water heated (60) by 4.2 and then multiply that answer by the rise in the temperature. Therefore; ENERGY (Joules) = Amount of water heated (ml) x 4.2(ml) x temperature rise (°C) Preliminary experiments To help design my experiment I shall need to do a preliminary
Investigation into what affects the rates of a reaction.
Investigation into what affects the rates of a reaction Background Information Reactions occur when particles of different elements or compounds collide, and react together. The particles need a certain amount of energy for the collisions to be effective. Particles can gain energy by collisions. Only collisions with enough energy are effective enough to cause a reaction. The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to happen when the particles collide is called the activation energy. This diagram shows the activation energy of a reaction. As you can see, the reactants have a certain amount of energy, through collisions they increase the amount of energy. At the activation energy the reactants start to react, this makes them lose energy as they turn into the products which have even less energy. For a reaction to happen the particles must overcome this energy barrier. Several factors can change the amount of energy each particle has, or the amount of energy needed to overcome this barrier. These factors change the rate of reaction. Factors which change rate of reaction Temperature Increasing the temperature increases the rate of reaction, because particles collide more frequently and with more energy. As the temperature is increased, the particles present have more energy. This has two effects: - The particles move around faster and collide more often-
History of Chemistry and Atomic Structure.
History of Chemistry and Atomic Structure Greeks - First to consider the nature of matter (400 BC) ) Two camps: a) matter is continuous - keep on dividing matter indefinitely; you just get smaller pieces Aristotle believed that matter was continuous b) matter is finite; it is composed of small indivisible particles Democritus - everything made up of atoms (atoms - Greek for "indivisible") 2) 4 different types of "elements" or "atoms" : Fire, Earth, Water, Air How were these 4 types of "atoms" different - they were especially interested in shape since Greeks were really into geometry: Fire - jagged shaped, since fire hurt Water - spherical, smooth since water flowed easily Earth - cubical - earth was solid and stable 3) The Greeks were not doing science as we know today but an intellectual exercise (philosophy) since no evidence existed one way or the other and they had no experiments to test their ideas (science) 4) Aristotle held more prestige and his ideas about matter held on for almost 2000 years. Alchemists ( 0 - 1500AD) Based upon the idea that there were only 4 different types of matter, the variety all around them lead scientists to believe that each different substance (say lead and gold) must be made up of different proportions of the 4 "elements". If one could separate the 2 elements and recombine them in different proportions, one could
Acid rain in Europe
Introduction What is acid rain? What are the causes of acid rain? What are the effects of acid rain? What can be done to reduce acid rain? What can be done to reduce and repair the damage done by acid rain? How practical are these solutions? What are the different views and attitudes of different groups involved in the debate? Introduction The atmosphere is like a film of gases, which makes the planet habitable. If this layer was not present there would be no life on earth. It is a fact that the health of plants, animals and humans depends upon a very important factor 'pollution'. Although, all kinds of poisonous waste is continuing to be put into the atmosphere. These poisonous gases are being produced when fossil fuels are burnt, as a result of this acid rain forms which further more results in numerous problems damaging forests, lakes, rivers, land, plants and animals. The main culprits of burning fossil fuels are MEDC's, which insist on maintaining their high standards of living. What is acid rain? Rain is naturally acidic but the term 'acid rain' is usually referred to as rain, which has been made more acidic than it should be due to the atmosphere absorbing the gasses emitted from the burning of fossil fuels. The gases are oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. Nitrogen oxide is usually given Nox as there are many of them, sulphur oxide SO2 and water H2O When these
To investigate the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid
GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation To investigate the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Aim My aim is to create an experiment so that I can measure the difference in reaction rates when Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid are heated. When Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid are mixed they react to form Sulphur. It is the Sulphur that makes the reaction cloudy and the experiment is to see how long it takes for this solution to become cloudy when heated at different temperatures. Factors Involved and Fair Testing This experiment will contain only one variable, the temperature. The constants are:- * The concentrations of the Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid. Also the volumes need to be kept constant so to keep the investigation fair. * The apparatus used in the experiment needs to be kept exactly the same for each different temperature. If we use any apparatus that will need to be used in the next experiment we need to make sure that we wash them thoroughly so to avoid unnecessary reactions. I need to keep these constants unvarying to keep the experiment accurate. I should already know what measurements to use for my concentrations from preliminary experiments, for example, I know that I have to choose a concentration that changes fairly slowly at room temperature because according to the rate of reaction
To Investigate The Effect Of Varying Concentration On The Reaction Between Magnesium Ribbon And Hydrochloric Acid.
To Investigate The Effect Of Varying Concentration On The Reaction Between Magnesium Ribbon And Hydrochloric Acid. Factor To Be Investigated The factor I have chosen to investigate is the effect of varying concentration of hydrochloric acid, and to see how that affects the reaction between it and magnesium ribbon. Prediction I predict that the higher the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the solution, the faster 35cm cubed of hydrogen will be produced. I predict this will happen because of Collision Theory. Collision Theory states that the higher the concentration of a substance, the closer together the ions of that substance is. In this case, this means that they higher the concentration of HCl ions in the solution, the more often they will collide with the magnesium ribbon, and therefore the reaction happens quicker. Apparatus In order to perform the experiment, the following apparatus is needed. The letters in brackets represent the key on the diagram Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Magnesium ribbons (Mg) A conical flask (Cf) Measuring cylinders (Mc) Gas syringe (Gs) Stop watch (Sw) Ruler (R) Scissors (S) Retort stand (RS) Water (H2O) Method Firstly, I will take five magnesium ribbons. Using the ruler and scissors, I will measure and cut them until they are exactly 5 cm long. Once done, I will, using a measuring cylinder, measure out the volume of
