- I will repeat this process three times and work out an accurate average.
- Once this has been completed, I will decide to record the results after two minutes for each activity.
- Between each activity I will decide to wait for a period of eight minutes as I felt this was sufficient time for my heart rate to return to its stationary rate.
- I will record each result in a table format.
- I will repeat the stages : 7 and 8, on three consecutive days
- I will do this for reliability purposes, as I will have the option to make accurate averages which will give me the opportunity to see if my prediction was correct or not.
- I will also produce accurate and interesting graphs to help me evaluate my results.
Safety,
Due to the characteristics of this experiment there are only a few minor safety instructions to follow. I will make sure I will thoroughly warm up before I carry out the practical, this will hopefully protect me in causing damage to my muscles as they will already be loosen. I will also warm down after performing the activities; this will also prevent any injuries in the immediate future. I will also wear trainers instead of school shoes. This is mainly due to the large weight and size of school shoes and trainers are much more comfortable and they are designed for running.
Reliability,
- I will record the stationary heart rate three times; this will allow me to work out an average. Therefore this will make the reading more accurate.
- I will carry out each activity of exercise for two minutes, this will be measured on a stopwatch and the results will be recorded accurately in a table format.
- I will keep the distance the same (twenty- five metres) for all the activities except Star Jumps. This will be measured twice with a tape measurer to ensure reliability.
- I will remain at the same pace throughout all the activities; e.g. a change in pace in the jogging will effect my heart rate, so it is imperative that the speed does not change.
- I will repeat the exercises over a period of three days to avoid unwanted fatigue, whilst always keeping the detailed steps of the method the same.
- I will always make sure that I will wait until the heart rate return to stationary before starting a new activity. I will use an eight-minute resting period in between each exercise.
Table Of Results,
Firstly I had to time my stationary heart rate; I did this three times and worked out an average:
Bpm – Beats per minute
Day 1,
Day 2,
Day 3,
Explanation of Results,
Walking,
As you can see from my results for the walking activity my heart rate only raised in a matter of 2-3 Bpm. This did not surprise me as I am generally a fit person and the results do show this.
73 + 70 + 72 = 215 Bpm,
Average Heart Rate After Walking - 215/3= 71.67
A.W.R 71.67 – 69.50 A.S.R
Difference Between A.W.R and A.S.R
= 2.17 Bpm
This means there has been a 2.17 Bpm rise in Heart rate after Stationary.
Jogging,
As you can see from my results there is a substantial rise in heart rate whilst I am jogging. This is expected as the difference in pace between walking and jogging is large.
146 + 144 + 142 = 432 Bpm
Average Heart Rate after Jogging – 432 / 3 = 144
A.J.R 144 – 69.50 A.S.R
= 74.50 Bpm
This means there has been a 74.50 Bpm rise in Heart rate after Stationary.
Sprinting,
As you can see from my results the difference between jogging and sprinting is almost double the no. of Bpm. This is due to the vigorous pace of sprinting.
276 + 272 + 272 = 820 Bpm
Average Heart Rate after Sprinting – 820 / 3 = 273.33
A.SP.R 273.33 – 69.50 A.S.R
= 203.83 Bpm
This means there has been a 203.83 Bpm rise in Heart Rate after Stationary.
Star Jumps,
As you see from my results my heart rate is in between the amount of Bpm of Sprinting and Jogging. This is because the pace in which star jumps are performed is larger than jogging but less than sprinting.
156 + 158 + 160 = 474 Bpm
Average Heart Rate after Star Jumps – 474 / 3 = 158
A.SJ.R 158 – 69.50 A.S.R
= 88.50 Bpm
This means there is an 88.50 Bpm rise in Heart Rate after Stationary.
My Final Table Of Results
Analysis,
Word Equation Formula for Respiration,
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
Symbol Equation Formula for Respiration,
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy
My results show that the more vigorous exercise got the more the heart rate increases. This because when muscles are in use, they will produce heat. It is this heat that affects the body’s temperature. The body will also try to keep the original heat and will sweat to cool the body down. Muscles need oxygen to work properly. They also need glucose. The formula for respiration tells us that glucose and oxygen are taken in and energy and carbon dioxide are given out. The muscles will need more oxygen and glucose as they work harder; therefore the breathing rate should rise to allow a bigger intake of the two. For this now larger intake the heart must pump this oxygen and glucose, situated in the blood, to the muscle cells more rapidly. This means that the heart rate will increase.
As the exercise got more vigorous, e.g. sprinting. Whilst I was carrying out the exercise I would have to respire anaerobically. This is because the body can’t supply enough oxygen to the muscles. Therefore, energy has to be supplied from another source, e.g. anaerobic respiration. Even though this releases energy it is much less than what would be released by aerobic respiration. However after a little while lactic acid begins to build up in the muscles, which gets painful, causing muscle fatigue and cramp. After the exercise has been completed the body has to repay the oxygen debt. The oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic acid that has built up during anaerobic respiration. The more lactic acid there is the more oxygen is needed to get rid of it. This is why after the exercise I was breathing more heavily.
Formula For Anaerobic Respiration:
Glucose Lactic acid + Energy
What My Graph is Showing ?
My graph is showing how much increase each activity causes from the stationary heart beat which is 69.5 Bpm. The graph indicates and supports my observations by showing that sprinting has the most effect on the body with an increase of 203.83 Bpm and walking the less with an increase of only 2.17 Bpm. The graph also shows me that the difference between jogging and star jumps is quite small and they both have a similar effect on the body. The star jumps has more effect on the body than jogging but the difference in beats per minute is only 14, with 88.50 and 74.50 respectively.
I feel that from my results and how they are displayed on my graph that I am quite a fit person, as from comparing my results with other people my amounts are relatively small. I was very surprised that walking only had a small effect on my body with a small increase of 2.17 Bpm, whereas others had an increase ranging from 10 – 20 Bpm. This indicates that this small level of exercise will not have a huge effect on me and shows that I am able to handle more vigorous exercise efficiently without any dangers.
Evaluation,
This experiment has shown me that there are considerable changes in the body during and after exercise has been completed. My results seem to agree with other people’s results, and seemed to be around the same results as someone who is very similar in fitness to me. My results had agreed well with my prediction and there is a clear correlation between what I have written in my prediction and my final results. The results also seemed to fit well in my graph, which is a perfect way to check my results. I collected many results in from the 3 days of work and I feel that I have collected a sufficient amount of evidence to comply with my prediction. Although, I think that maybe more than 4 activities could have been done to achieve an even greater portion of results. In my repeated experiments the results were very similar. I think that this is because my experiments were fair and reliable. I think that the only way that some of the results could have become unreliable is if one person became tired during the work and so the results would have been distorted. Fortunately, this didn’t happen.
This experiment was quite easy to carry out in the fact that it did not require specific judgement which could have been misjudged .It also was not specific on tiny measurements which could have affected the reliability of the results. However, the use of physical energy became quite strenuous and I suppose could be marked down as a difficulty of the experiment.
I feel that this was a good and well-structured way of being able to find the effects of exercise on the body. On the other hand, I also feel that there are more controllable ways of doing an experiment of this type. For example, a test on a stationary exercise bike would be a much more effective way, in my view, of obtaining the results. As the speedometer can help you gain a much more sustainable level of speed rather than the unbalanced pace of sprinting which attracts fatigue.
There aren’t any experiments I would like to do again because the results taken were fine the first time. What I would have liked to do is compare them with someone of a higher or lower fitness level than myself to see the difference. I feel my results have covered a large range of results and are enough to come to a solid conclusion about my prediction. I think that maybe more activities would be better. I will admit, my results can be influenced/ affected be different factors such as the temperature outside. Also, the state of the weather could have proved to be a problem, e.g. in the case of rain, which may cause a hazard on a slippery surface. This was obviously slightly different on each day of the experiment, but in the end did not affect the outcome. The results I got must have been quite precise as I got very similar results after the three days. I used a mixture of judging with the eye and scientific instruments. The instruments that I used throughout the experiment are reliable and have been used effectively before in other previous experiments.
I think that these results will be good enough to support the hypotheses and answers made and corrected in the analysis. They have been consistent throughout, and this must be amended to thoughtful planning, and a careful and well-planned practical experimentation on my part.