"Making an Electromagnet"

Project in Physics Technical Paper "Making an Electromagnet" Submitted by: Group 10 Audrey Mae Selda Ednard La Rosa Easter Cindy Mutia Ken Bjanli Te Year 4- Diamond Submitted to: Ms. Shella Mae Cascaro Physics Teacher Date of Submission: December 14, 2005 Wednesday A. Statement of the Problem/ Objectives: The following are some objectives or what the proponents would like to carry out in the progress of this project: To be able to make an electromagnet in the simplest way. To be able to relate the number of turns of wire with the strength of the electromagnet To be able to attract as many paper clips as possible. To be able to explain and recognize the principles and concepts behind electromagnetism. B. Materials and Methods: I. Materials: These are some of the materials used by the proponents in making the electromagnet: One iron nail Stranded copper wire One or more D-cell batteries Scissors Paper clips II. Methods: These are what the proponents did in making the electromagnet: The proponents first gathered all the materials needed for the making of the electromagnet. The next thing that the proponents did was to remove some insulation. So a pair of scissor or a cutter was used in order to remove the insulating rubber starting from each end of the wire to expose the copper wire. The wire was wrapped around the nail in a spiral manner.

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An investigation into the efficiency of an immersion heater 2

An investigation into the efficiency of an immersion heater Introduction: An emersion heater is primarily used to heat water. It does this by using electrical power and converting it into heat energy. The amount of energy supplied to the emersion heater will be worked out using the formula: Voltage Current Time. The heat gained by the water was calculated by using the formula: Mass of water Specific heat Temperature change. This will then be used to calculate the efficiency of the heater. Efficiency is how good the item being tested is at retaining energy: The ratio of the energy delivered by a machine to the energy supplied for its operation determines the items efficiency. I will use the following formula to calculate the immersion heater's efficiency. Energy supplied 100% Energy produced Method: Circuit diagram The apparatus and circuit were set up and arranged as shown in my diagrams above The measurements I will take are as follows: * initial temperature of water * amps after 2 minutes * volts after 2 minutes * temperature of water after 2 minutes To get a fair and average result I will change the type of wire I am using as well as the S.W.G of the wires but not the length of the wire so as to get a variety of results ands therefore see what wire is more efficient to use in the immersion heater. Results: Below are the tables of the results I got

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electomagnet lab

PHYSICS LAB REPORT STRENGTH OF AN ELECTROMAGNET AIM: To investigate the factors that affects the strength of an electromagnet. THEORY: An electromagnet is a magnet that runs on electricity. Unlike a permanent magnet, the strength of an electromagnet can easily be changed by changing the amount of electric current that flows through it. The poles of an electromagnet can even be reversed by reversing the flow of electricity. An electromagnet works because an electric current produces a magnetic field. The magnetic field produced by electric current forms circles around the electric current, as shown in the diagram below: If a wire carrying an electric current is formed into a series of loops, the magnetic field can be concentrated within the loops. The magnetic field can be strengthened even more by wrapping the wire around a core. The atoms of certain materials, such as iron, nickel and cobalt, each behave like tiny magnets. Normally, the atoms in something like a lump of iron point in random directions and the individual magnetic fields tend to cancel each other out. However, the magnetic field produced by the wire wrapped around the core can force some of the atoms within the core to point in one direction. All of their little magnetic fields add together, creating a stronger magnetic field. As the current flowing around the core increases, the number of aligned atoms

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Ionization energies

INTRODUCTION: The ionization energy of an atom measures how strongly an atom holds its electrons.The ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of the remote gaseous atom The first ionization energy, I1, is the energy needed to remove the first electron from the atom: i.e. the most loosely held electron! Na(g) -> Na+(g) + 1e- The second ionization energy, I2, is the energy needed to remove the next (i.e. the second) electron from the atom Na+(g) -> Na2+(g) + 1e- The higher the value of the ionization energy, the more difficult it is to remove the electron As electrons are removed, the positive charge from the nucleus remains unchanged, however, there is less repulsion between the remaining electrons INVESTIGATION: Periodic trends in ionization energies First ionization energies as a function of atomic number * 1.Within each period (row) the ionization energy typically increases with atomic number * 2.Within each group (column) the ionization energy typically decreases with increasing atomic number HYPOTHESIS: * Investigation 1: As the effective charge increases, or as the distance of the electron from the nucleus decreases, the greater the attraction between the nucleus and the electron. The effective charge increases across a period, in addition, the atomic radius decreases * Investigation 2: As we move

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An investigation into the effect of temperature on a squash ball

An investigation into the effect of temperature on a squash ball For my experiment I will be using a blue spotted squash ball. This is because the blue spotted ones are designed to have the most bounciness. This is will make it a lot easier to judge the height of the ball's bounce making my experiment more accurate. I'll set up my equipment to the diagram below. Then I'll put the squash ball in a beaker and then put the beaker in a water bath. The water will obviously be heated with a Bunsen burner which will then heat the ball up. I've chosen this method so the ball doesn't get wet, and the experiment is fair. I will then drop the ball from a height of 2 meters. It will be landing onto a piece of MDF (Medium Density Fibreboard) to make sure the surface won't affect my results, so it's more of a fair test. To judge how high the ball has bounced, I will be using my eyesight. Diagram Equipment list 4 different coloured squash balls Beaker Water bath 2, 1 meter rulers MDF Kettle Ice Thermometer Stopwatch Tongs I did a preliminary experiment to see if my method would work and if there were any problems with the way I will conduct my experiment. Preliminary Results Temperature (ºC) Distanced Bounced (Cm) 90 81 40 68 0 20 Factors affecting my experiment * If I use different squash balls of different elasticity it will affect the bounciness of the

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Thermal insulators.

Zeadon Jamil Thermal insulators Aim To investigate different materials for the most effective thermal insulator for a house. Introduction Heat transfer is the gain and loss of energy. There are three ways in which thermal energy can be transferred: * Conduction * Convection * Radiation Conduction - this is when energy travels from molecule to another. When one molecule receives energy it begins to vibrate and hits other molecules and makes them vibrate. And will spread throughout the object. Convection - this will only occur in gases and liquids. When heat is applied to the bottom of the substance, it will heat it up. When it heats up, it will rise to the top, forcing colder areas towards the heat source and then they will receive energy and rise to the top, etc. Radiation - it travels in waves. When it hits a molecule it makes it vibrate. I will be concentrating on conduction, as this is the main way in which thermal energy is transferred lost from housing. Which means that I need something that is a bad thermal conductor (good thermal insulator) to keep the amount of conduction to a bare minimum? Plan I am planning to test five materials (paper, cling film, cloth, bubble wrap and plastic) and one control, three times and find the average (to ensure accuracy). Whichever material changes the temp of the water the least is the best insulator. I will wrap

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The factors affecting the resistance of a metalic conductor.

INVESTIGATION: THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESISTANCE OF A METALLIC CONDUCTOR Metals conduct electricity because the electrons in the metal can move about inside the structure. These electrons are called free electrons. Electricity is conducted through a conductor by means of free electrons. Atoms consist of protons, electrons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons make the nucleus of an atom while the electrons circle the outer area of the atom. Electrons in metal are able to move freely and are used as current in an electric circuit. This is because they carry a charge and can move all around the circuit with this charge. While these electrons are travelling around the circuit, atoms are sometimes in the way, causing the two to collide. This takes out some of the energy from the electron and transfers it to the atom. This is how resistance occurs. The number of free electrons depends on the material and the more the free electrons in a substance the better the material as a conductor. All conductors offer resistance to the flow of current. The conductor's atoms determine this resistance. For example copper atoms offer negligible resistance to an electric current because a significant proportion of its electrons are free to move from electron to electron. Thus copper is commonly used as a conductor. Current, is the flow of electrons around a circuit. Those materials,

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Resistivity Coursework

Resistivity Coursework Theory suggests that the resistance of a wire is found with this formula: R=?L/A R = Resistance ? = Resistivity of wire L = length of wire A = cross-sectional area I will now perform an investigation to confirm the legitimacy of this formula and confirm a value for ? in a Nichrome wire. Planning A4c: Fully labelled Diagram A4d, A6d: Comprehensive list of Apparatus including Instrument Ranges Variable power supply unit Analogue ammeter, accuracy 0.01A, range 0 to 1.0A Analogue Voltmeter, accuracy 0.1V, range 0 to 5V Copper leads x5 Crocodile clip x2 Nichrome Wire (diameter=4.57 x 10-4m) Ruler, accuracy 0.001m, range 0 to 1.000m A2c: Safety Confirm the Initial power supply is at 0 volts other wise huge voltages will most likely cause unnecessary heating in wires including the Nichrome not only a hazard but may compromise my readings. Make sure my practical investigation is free of all or any obstructions; any unnecessary wires may cause a short circuit leading to damaging the power supply unit, ammeters and voltmeters. A4b, A6a: Identifying Variables and Constants The variables in this investigation are voltage (V), resistance (R) and length of Nichrome wire (L). Resistance and length are directly proportional to each other. Constants are current (I), cross sectional area of wire (A) Resistivity (?) and temperature of the Nichrome

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An Investigation Into The Resistance Of Conductive Putty

An Investigation Into The Resistance Of Conductive Putty Primary Work In this experiment I will be using conductive putty for the first time. I do have knowledge of electrical circuits such as parallel and series. I have knowledge of electrical equipment like bulbs, battery cells and variable resistors. And I have knowledge of the circuits' advantages and disadvantages. My plan is to use the putty in a series circuit with an ammeter and record the currant. Prediction I believe that the shorter the piece of putty the stronger the currant will be. I believe this because I have found that electrons always take the shortest route. Apparatus In this experiment I will need; a light bulb, a light bulb holder, a battery pack, four crocodile clips, an ammeter, a power supply, a piece of putty and four wires. I will need the light bulb to show if the circuit is complete. The battery pack is control the electrical currant and the crocodile clip and wire to carry the currant. Safety The first danger is the power of the electrical currant. To prevent any danger of electrical shocks I will use the battery pack to control the strength of the currant and turn it down to four cells. The power will be DC (direct currant) and the putty used will be on a non-conductive surface. What factors could affect what happens There are two obvious factors what come to mind and that is

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Ohm's Law coursework

GCSE Physics- Ohm's Law coursework Aim: I have chosen to investigate how the resistance of a wire is affected by the length of the wire. What is resistance? Electricity is conducted through a conductor, in this case wire, by means of free electrons. The number of free electrons depends on the material and more free electrons means a better conductor, i.e. it has less resistance. For example, gold has more free electrons than iron and, as a result, it is a better conductor. The free electrons are given energy and as a result move and collide with neighboring free electrons. This happens across the length of the wire and thus electricity is conducted. Resistance is the result of energy loss as heat. It involves collisions between the free electrons and the fixed particles of the metal, other free electrons and impurities. These collisions convert some of the energy that the free electrons are carrying into heat. How is it measured? The resistance of a length of wire is calculated by measuring the current present in the circuit (in series) and the voltage across the wire (in parallel). These measurements are then applied to this formula: V = I ´ R where V = Voltage, I = Current and R = Resistance This can be rearranged to: R = V I Ohm's Law It is also relevant to know of Ohm's Law, which states that the current through a metallic conductor (e.g.

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