The Factors which Affect Radiation in Small and Large Beakers.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH COURSEWORK - The Factors which Affect Radiation in Small and Large Beakers BY BILAL ALI THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT RADIATION OF HEAT THROUGH WATER IN DIFFERENT SIZE BEAKERS AIM My aim in this investigation is to investigate the factors that affect radiation (heat loss) of heat of water in different size beakers. Therefore, my aim is to find out how different surface area and volume ratios in organisms lead to variations in heat loss (and factors which affect it). INTRODUCTION Large animals have the ability to retain heat more easily than smaller animals because they have a larger surface area to volume ratio. This is what I am trying to prove in the experiment. There are examples of this in nature. In winter the robin fluffs its wings up in order to retain more heat. When it does this, it forms a more spherical shape and this also gives better heat retention. But as I am unable to use live animals in the experiment I am using beakers full of hot water. The reason that an animal with a lower surface area to volume ratio retains heat more efficiently is because there is a greater volume to keep the heat and a smaller surface area that is open to outside elements. In order to reach this objective, I will carry out a number of experiments using a safe and practical procedure. I will carry out four experiments. The first experiment will be
Radioactivity revision notes
Radioactivity Some nuclei are more unstable than others. However, they wish to become stable and do this by radioactive emissions. We can also cause or stimulate nuclei to decay by causing it to absorb a neutron. This in turn makes it unstable causing it to decay. We detect radioactive emission using a Geiger-Muller tube connected to a counter. The unit of radioactivity is the Becquerel (Bq); one Becquerel is one count per second. Radioactivity is around us all the time from a variety of sources. This is called background radiation. Radon gas 50% Ground and buildings 4% Medical 4% Food and drink 1.5% Comic rays 0% Nuclear power 0.3% Other 0.2% When measuring the radioactivity of any sample, we must always subtract a previously measured reading of background radiation from all measurements. Types of Radiation There are 3 types of radioactive emission: ) Alpha (?) - this has a helium nucleus and consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. It is the most massive but also the most ionizing type and can travel only 1-2cms in air before they are stopped. It is stopped by thin paper or skin. 2) Beta (?) - this is an electron emitted from the nucleus when a neutron changes into a proton. It is smaller and less ionizing and can travel metres through the air before being stopped. It requires a more dense material such as aluminium to stop it. 3) Gamma - (?? - this is an
Radiation: are mobile phones unsafe? Mobiles use electromagnetic radiation in order to send and receive information. Electromagnetic radiation comes from the electromagnetic spectrum.
Contents.........................................................................................2 Introduction & background science........................................................3 How mobile phones work....................................................................4 Arguments for (Mobile phones are unsafe).........................................4 - 8 Arguments against (Mobile phones are safe)......................................8 -13 Conclusion.....................................................................................14 References.....................................................................................15 Mobile phones have dramatically changed the way we live and work and are becoming increasingly popular as the years are going by. Approximately 85% of the adult population in the UK own a mobile phone - many of which are not aware of any risks towards using this type of communication. Many people are not prepared to put a stop to using mobiles since these devices are such a popular means of communication, and so well endured by the public. People are able to send out phone calls, text messages, pictures, videos, access the internet and email. Some apparent risk factors are that mobile phones can kill brain cells and sperm and can cause leukaemia or brain tumors. Some scientists believe that microwaves which come from mobile phones
Is Nuclear power a safe and sustainable way forward?
Physics Case Study Is Nuclear Power a safe way forward? Contents Introduction............................................................................Page 3 Background information - Nuclear Power . - What is nuclear power?...........Pages 4 - 5 . - Advantages....................................Page 5 . - Disadvantages...............................Page 6 Evidence - Is Nuclear Power a safe way forward?..............Pages 7-8 Conclusion, answering the question........................................Page 9 Bibliography.........................................................................Page 10 Introduction In this physics case study, I am going to be researching on the question, "Is nuclear power a safe way forward?" I will be doing this by researching mostly on the internet for this study and firstly I will start by researching about on nuclear power and explaining how nuclear power works, so that my question can be evaluated fully, knowing what each argument will be talking about. After giving some background information about nuclear power, I will go on to answer the question through researching and looking at different peoples arguments, which will talk about many different sides of nuclear power. To ensure that enough suitable information is obtained and be able to conclude and justify, I will have to research on different people's views on whether
The role of nuclear energy in the field of medicine
PHYSICS ESSAY “The role of nuclear energy in the field of medicine” Name: vincent ng Grade: 10a Word count: 1156 Nuclear energy is a type of energy which is released by a reaction called as nuclear reaction. There are two main types of nuclear reactions, one is called fission and the other one is fusion: In Fission reaction it releases a nuclear energy when a single heavy nucleus seperates into two smaller ones, causing energy to be released . The most common element used to undergo nuclear fission is uranium because uranium has many favorable properties. Uranium nuclei can be easily split by applying neutrons at them. The fission reaction is used to make heat for producing steam, which is then used by a turbine to generate electricity. but if in a fusion reaction a two single nuclei combines together to form another nucleus which is heavier. This reaction occurs only under very hot conditions. Nuclear fusion is used to generate a lot of energy in the form of light, hear and radiation. This energy supports life on our planet and it was the only energy early mankind used. ) "What Is Nuclear Energy." What Is Nuclear Energy. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. <http://whatisnuclearenergy.net/>. 2) "Nuclear Energy." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/nuclear_energy.html Picture 1: 1) Picture 2: "Free Energy: Nuclear
Heat in the kitchen
The heat energy is transferred from the cooker's hob to the bottom of saucepan by infrared radiation. The hotter an object is the more infrared radiation it gives out (emits). No particles are involved in radiation. The water in the saucepan gets heat up. The particles in water now moving from place to place. This happens when particles with a lot of thermal energy in a liquid (water) moves, and take the place of particles with less thermal energy. When heat is transferred from hot places to cold places, this type of energy transferred is called convection. This is how heat transferred through the water. Next the heat gets transferred from water to metal spoon by conduction. Metal is a good conductor of heat so it gets hot easily. When the spoon gets heated, the spoon's particles gain more energy and vibrate more vigorously. The particles bump into nearby particles and make them vibrate more. This is how heat passes energy from the hot end of the spoon to the cool end of the spoon. Here is particle diagram to show how it works- As the water gets heat up, it changes to water vapour. This is where the evaporation takes place. The reason why the wooden handle of the saucepan doesn't get hot because the wood isn't a good conductor of heat. This is why because the particles in the wooden handle are bound together strongly; they are unable to move very fast, so the handle will
How safe are Mobile phones?
Introduction Mobile phones are becoming an essential business tool, a popular means of communication. In my report, I will be talking to you about mobile phone safety, then I will come to a conclusion based on my evidences and statistics. Disadvantages Mobile phones have numerous advantages but they also bring some disadvantages. * Effects on health The radiations of mobile phones are causing serious health hazards to the users. The mobile phone users are more prone to ear defects, headaches and blurring of vision1. This source is reliable because it is from the BBC website and the BBC website is not biased. It is valid because the article was published in 2005. This was a Swedish study carried out in 2002. Altogether 1249 people were surveyed, so it is reliable. SAR values are an indication of how much heat is absorbed into the head. The more the value, the more heat absorbed. This graph shows the top 10 SAR values in Europe for mobile phones2: Manufacturer Model SAR Rating W/Kg Sony Ericsson T650 .80 Sony Ericsson W880i .45 Nokia E51 .40 Sony Ericsson W950i .35 Sony Ericsson Z610i .32 Sony Ericsson K810i .31 Sony Ericsson W610i .31 Sony Ericsson W660i .27 Sony Ericsson K550i .25 LG & Nokia KU250 + N5700 .24 This graph shows that the phone with the highest SAR value in Europe is the Sony Ericsson T650. The information collected has
Rutherford's Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment:The discovery of the Nucleus...
Rutherford's Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment: The discovery of the Nucleus... Rutherford was the world leader in alpha-particle physics. In 1906, at McGill, he had been the first to detect slight deflections of alphas on passage through matter. In 1907, he became a professor at the University of Manchester, where he worked with Hans Geiger. This was just a year after Rutherford's old boss, J. J. Thomson, had written a paper on his plum pudding atomic model suggesting that the number of electrons in an atom was about the same as the atomic number. (Not long before, people had speculated that atoms might contain thousands of electrons. They were assuming that the electrons contributed a good fraction of the atom's mass.) Rutherford's alpha scattering experiments were the first experiments in which individual particles were systematically scattered and detected. This is now the standard operating procedure of particle physics. Rutherford's partner in the initial phase of this work was Hans Geiger, who later developed the Geiger counter to detect and count fast particles. The experiment was conducted, as is shown below. Alpha particles were fired from a source (from within a lead "shield") at a sheet of thin gold foil (which had been beaten to about 400 atoms thick. A fluorescent screen was placed behind / around the gold foil. Every time an Alpha particle hit the screen
Ionisation smoke alarms use an ionisation chamber and a source of ionising radiation to detect smoke.
Smoke Alarms What Is It? A smoke alarm is a device that can detect smoke; alternatively it can also be called fire alarm systems or household detectors. The smoke alarm was created to detect fires and would consequently give a warning in the form of a signal or an alarm. Smoke alarms are fitted to the ceiling and are usually a very small disk shape size. There are two main types of smoke alarms. The first one and probably the more commercial and cheaper one is the physical process alarm (Ionisation). These are usually powered by a single disposable battery. The other main type of smoke alarm is photoelectric, which basically works by optical detection.[1] This report is on Ionisation smoke alarms. How Do They Work? Ionisation smoke alarms use an ionisation chamber and a source of ionising radiation to detect smoke. These are the more inexpensive ones however; one major disadvantage of ionisation detectors is that they are sensitive to very small particles of smoke. An ion is an atom with a positive or negative charge.[2] To ionise means to remove an electron from an atom and purposely create positive and negative ions. Inside the ionisation chamber is a tiny amount of americium 241.[3] The reason why americium is often used instead of other radioactive elements is that americium 241 has a very long half life of 432 years. It is a very good source of alpha particles. The
is sunbathing ad for your health
Is sunbathing bad for your health? Introduction People all over the world enjoy the sun. Sun bating is a good thing in some cases as it gives are body's vitamin D and with out the vitamin then we would have illness and increased risk for several cancers and Muscle and bone pain, are related to vitamin D deficient. Thoughts on sunbathing Sunbathing helps heal skin cancer and does not cause skin cancer. Sunbathing does not cause wrinkling of the skin. Sunbathing helps heal wrinkles. Unfortunately those who develop skin cancer and/or wrinkles and also coincidentally sunbathe, have many bad habits that cause their skin cancer and wrinkles. Those who have wrinkling of the skin have poor skin tone. This poor skin tone causes the skin to wrinkle. Sunlight treatments reduced malignant cancer growths 50% in experimental animals in Russia, writes A.P. Zabaluyeva. It's hard to believe as the rays that the sun gives off are strong. Skin cancer is the most common cancer in Britain. Chloe Rhodes assesses the risks and benefits of sunshine This spring has been one of the sunniest on record, and as we head towards "flaming June", we can look forward to even warmer weather and clearer skies. But conflicting information about the effects of sun exposure on our health may leave us all longing for cloud cover. Sunbathing can have health benefits if done with care Warnings about the
