Sideways Displacement of a Light Ray
IVTH FORM INVESTIGATION - SIDEWAYS DISPLACEMENT OF A LIGHT RAY Planning experimental procedures. The aim of this investigation is to find out how the sideways displacement of a light ray depends on various factors. When you do an experiment, you should pay attention on following factors: * the angle of incidence * type of material (glass, plastic, water, etc.) * thickness of the material I will change just one of those factors - the angle of incidence. I chose it, because there are also some problems with the equipment and I can not get 6 or 7 different types of material and the angle of incidence is the easiest factor to change in words of practice. The following equipment should be used: * 1 glass block (the material, through which the ray light will go) * 1 ray box ( to produce a ray light, which should be as thin as possible) * 1 protractor ( to measure the angles) * 1 ruler (to measure the dimensions of the glass block) * 1 sharp pencil * 1 piece of blank white paper Below is the diagram of the experiment: The experiment step-by-step: instructions: . fix the glass block on the blank piece of paper 2. draw a line in pencil around the glass block to make sure that the glass block will stay on the same place during the experiment 3. draw a perpendicular line("the normal") to the side of the glass block 4. fix the ray box near the glass block 5.
Investigation between the angle of Incidence and detraction
Investigation between the angle of Incidence and detraction In this investigation, I have been asked to find out if there is any correlation between the angle of incidence and by the amount of defraction which takes place and find out if they go up in a direct proportion with one another. For this I am intending to shine a ray of light through an Pyrex block and different angles and the I shall record my results on pieces of paper once I have done this I will measure the amount of defraction. To help to complete this I shall draw up an equipment list before hand to help to make my investigation run smoothly the list is as follows: 1. A ray box 2. A Pyrex block 3. A sharp pencil 4. Sheets of paper 5. A protractor and a ruler This is all of the equipment which I will be needing for my investigation. In addition to this I shall also draw up a step by step also to help my investigation to run smoothly this is my step by step: . collect and set up all equipment 2. Measure the angle out which I need the ray of light to travel through the block 3. Place the blok onto the page of paper and line up the ray box so that the ray is shining through the block at the angle which I require 4. Turn on ray box so that ray is shining through the block and record the line in which the ray is coming out of the block by making marks on the page where is line is traveling 5.
An Investigation to Determine the Effect of the Number of Turns around the Core of an Electromagnet on its Strength.
An Investigation to Determine the Effect of the Number of Turns around the Core of an Electromagnet on its Strength Aim The aim of this investigation is to determine to what extent, if any, the number of turns on an electromagnet affects its strength. Prediction I predict that as the number of turns around the core increases, its strength will also increase. I believe this because of the laws surrounding the strength of electromagnets. Ampere's Law below determines the strength (in tesla) of the magnet. B is in Tesla (10,000 gauss) 'gap' is in metres (The opening of the "C ".) Mu = 4 * pi * 10-7 N is the number of turns in the coil I is the current in Amps Because only the number of turns in the coil (N) is variable in this experiment, the strength's increase should be directly proportional to this value (if there were no turns, N=0, the equation must also = 0). To rearrange this equation: Preliminary Work As preliminary work, we experimented with what number of turns and at what voltage we could obtain minimum and maximum measurable results. We discovered that with and iron nail core, the magnetic strength below twenty turns was not high enough to produce measurable results on a discrete scale such as number of paperclips. In the case of voltage we found that any voltage above two volts shorted out the power pack too quickly for us to make an effective test, so we
The Origins & Evolution of Sampling and Synthesis
Sampling & Synthesis Section One Section Two The Origins & Evolution of Sampling and Synthesis A synthesizer, built especially for sound production or "synthesis" and modification, is essentially a device that merges sound generators and sound modifiers in one package with an integrated control system. The first and most elaborate of these devices was the RCA Electronic Music Synthesizer, first exposed in 1955. But the story goes back far before that. Radio engineers experimenting with radio vacuum tubes discovered the principles of beat frequency or heterodyning oscillators by chance during the first decades of the twentieth century. The heterodyning effect is created by two high radio frequency sound waves of similar but varying frequency combining and creating a lower audible frequency, equal to the difference between the two radio frequencies. The musical potential of the effect was noted by several engineers and designers including Maurice Martenot, Nikolay Obukhov, Armand Givelet and Leon (or Lev) Sergeivitch Termen the Russian Cellist and electronic engineer. One problem with utilizing the heterodyning effect for musical purposes was that as the body came near the vacuum tubes the capacitance of the body caused variations in frequency. Leon Termen realized that rather than being a problem, body capacitance could be used as a control mechanism for an instrument
Investigating the Relationship Between Real and Apparent Depth.
Investigating the Relationship Between Real and Apparent Depth Introduction: In this coursework I am going to measure the real and apparent distance of an optical pin placed behind glass blocks. To do this I got two glass blocks and stuck a pin at the end of one of the glass blocks and then placed a drawing pin on to the glass blocks and then moved the drawing pin around to get the apparent depth and the real depth was the length from the pin to the end of the glass blocks. I made a diagram to clearly show how the apparatus was assembled. The apparatus and the way in which I conducted the experiment looks like the diagram below. The apparatus that we used was as follows: 2 x Glass blocks x Drawing pin x Optical Pin Cellar Tape x Wooden Board Method To make the experiment successful I made sure the safety factors were taken into account, the experiment was very safe as there was no real danger that could be inflicted on anyone during the experiment, to make sure the experiment was safe I took care of the pins, I kept the pins on the wooden board or attached to the glass blocks. I could have worn some gloves but I thought that this would not be necessary as there was no real danger. I am going to measure the real and apparent distance of an optical pin placed behind glass blocks. To measure the apparent depth I will attach an optical pin to a glass block then I will
Investigation:To find the refractive index of cooking oil.
INVESTIGATION: TO FIND THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF COOKING OIL PREDICTION AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE Light travels in straight lines. However, refraction is the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another. Light refracts at all angles except 0 degrees. An example of refraction can be seen when you go swimming. If an object such as some swimming goggles is dropped in the water, they will appear to be in a different position to what they actually are. This is because the light changes direction at the surface, giving the illusion that the swimming goggles are closer than they actually are. The bending of the light, refraction, is caused by the light waves travelling slower. Either the density or the optical density of the object in which the light has to travel through causes this. Density is the mass of the object divided by its volume. However, optical density is related to atoms. When the waves collide with atoms, which make up the material, the energy is absorbed. This therefore makes one of the electrons jump up to another orbit. The electron then descends to the shell it was originally in and re-emits the light wave. For every atom the light waves hit this happens, slowing the journey down. Some materials are faster, depending on how long it takes the electrons to re-emit the light.. If light does not travel through a material then the
Investigating the factors that affect the strength of an electromagnet.
Investigating the factors that affect the strength of an electromagnet Contents page Planning > What I am trying to find out? > What I am going to do? (Diagram, list of apparatus, a method and safety precautions) > Prediction > The main factors in my investigation. > Which factors (variables) will I need to keep the same? > What I am varying? > The range of values I am using. > How I will ensure that my results are reliable. Obtaining evidence > Table of results > Any changes I made to my plan Analysing evidence > Graph of results > What I have found out. > How my results compare to my original prediction. Evaluating evidence > Are my results accurate and reliable? > Which measurements have the largest errors? > Any improvements that I would make to my investigation. Planning What I am trying to find out? My aim is to find out the factors that affect the strength of an electromagnet. What I am going to do? Equipment list * Power pack * (Soft) Iron core * Wire * Paper clips Method In my investigation I am going to see how many paper clips an electromagnet can pick up, varying how many times a wire is wrapped around an iron core. . I will connect the wire to the power pack and set the voltage to 8. I will then switch the power on. 2. I will now attempt picking up paper clips using no turns in the wire and will record the result. 3. I will
ATRAC: Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding for MiniDisc
ATRAC: Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding for MiniDisc Sony Corporate Research Laboratories 6-7-35 Kitashinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141 Japan Reprinted from the 93rd Audio Engineering Society Convention in San Fransisco, 1992 October 1-4 Abstract ATRAC is an audio coding system based on psychoacoustic principles. The input signal is divided into three subbands which are then transformed into the frequency domain using a variable block length. Transform coefficients are grouped into nonuniform bands to reflect the human auditory system, and then quantized on the basis of dynamic sensitivity and masking characteristics. ATRAC compresses compact disc audio to approximately 1/5 of the original data rate with virtually no loss in sound quality. Introduction Recently, there has been an increasing consumer demand for a portable recordable high-quality digital audio media. The MiniDisc system was developed to meet this demand. The MiniDisc is based on a 64 mm optical or magneto-optical disc which has approximately 1/5 of the data storage capacity of a standard compact disc. Despite the reduced storage capacity, it was necessary that the MiniDisc maintain high sound quality and a playing time of 74 minutes. The ATRAC (Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding) data compression system was therefor designed to meet the following criteria: * Compression of 16-bit 44.1 kHz stereo
Investigation to find the change in the speed of light through perspex.
Investigation to find the change in the speed of light through perspex Aim I intend to investigate the change in the speed of light in perspex. I intend to do this by passing a narrow ray of light through a D-block of Perspex, by using the same concepts and ideas as Snell's Law. Background Information Light is an electromagnetic wave. The speed of light depends on the medium through which it propagates: it goes fastest in vacuum, almost as fast in air but considerably slower in glass. The speed of light in a vacuum has been given its own symbol: c. The speed of light in any other material is denoted with v. The ratio of the two is known as the refractive index with the symbol n. When light goes from one medium to another, it doesn't only change its speed. Part of the incident light is reflected, and the remainder is transmitted. The transmitted light is generally also deviated or refracted. It was found experimentally by Descartes and by Snell, some 400 years ago that: • The incident, reflected and refracted ray all lie in the same plane • The angles of incidence ? a and refraction ? b and the refractive indices na and nb of the media are related through what has become known as Snell's Law: Snell's Law = the refractive index of the medium light is passing into the refractive index of the medium light is passing out of = Sin(i)/Sin(r). Apparatus Perspex
Investigate the relationship between sound pressure level (SPL) and signal amplitude.
Sound Pressure Level & Amplitude Aim Investigate the relationship between sound pressure level (SPL) and signal amplitude. Summery I constructed the apparatus as shown below and collected results. The results do not show what I expected and do not adhere to the rules and physical theory I have researched. The investigation has not shown what I had intended it to but I can suggest several reasons as to why. NB: Large copies of all the graphs used are included at the end of the document Planning As a sound engineer I have wondered for some time as to the relationship between increases in power output of a sound system and changes in sound pressure level (SPL). It seems to me that there is not a direct relationship between the two. I plan to simplify the idea of a sound system into a signal generator/amplifier and a single speaker. The SPL will be measured using a sound pressure level meter (Figure 2). Variables and constants; the SPL meter will be placed a fixed distance away from the speaker, the frequency emitted from the speaker with remain constant, the amplitude of the signal will be varied to change the power output of the speaker. Figure 1 ? Figure 2 ? SPL meter as it was used in the application I performed some preliminary experiments to determine: * The distance between the SPL meter and the speaker. * The frequency of the signal the speaker should
