Close Your Eyes

Close your eyes As I finished packing my suitcase I felt a tear fall onto my hand. This was the last time I'd be here. The last time I'd see this house, this room. I didn't want to leave but I had to. I'd only found out last week. Mum came home and told me over dinner that we had to move to London because she'd got a job transfer. At first I refused to leave all this behind me but after a few days it seemed like I had no choice. I'd told all my friends and they were so sad to see me go. Especially Chloe. Me and her had been best friends since we were little. We never spent a moment apart, we basically lived at each others. What's mine was hers and what hers was mine. It had always been like that. Now we were being ripped apart. It felt like I was losing a sister. I told her that I'd call her everyday and that we could talk on MSN until we fell asleep at the computer. We laughed at the idea of me living in London, after all, I hated the place, but inside we were both crying. I sat on the floor and looked around my room. The walls were bare and the wallpaper had been torn where id pulled my posters down. My bed, wardrobe, mirror, shelves, TV and every single other thing in my room was sitting inside the removal van being taken to our new home. The only thing in the room was me, and my suitcase. "Louise!" I heard mum calling me from the stairs "Darling we have to leave.

  • Word count: 36078
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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GCSE Astronomy Revision Notes

TOPIC 1 EARTH, MOON AND SUN TOPIC 1.1 PLANET EARTH . What three features distinguish Earth from other planets in our solar system? * Liquid water, atmosphere, life . Explain how Raleigh scattering makes the sky appear blue. * When blue light hits oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere, it is absorbed and reemitted in any direction. This is due to the shorter wavelength of blue light compared to other colours, meaning that it is scattered more often than other colours, which pass through more easily. This is why the sun appears more orange at sunset – the light passes through more atmosphere, so more light is scattered, so only the most red light passes through, as all of the blue light is scattered. . Why is Earth’s atmosphere beneficial to humans? * The atmosphere keeps the Earth at a relatively warm temperature suitable for life. It also protects Earth’s surface from ultraviolet radiation. This is due to the ozone gas filtering out these rays. It contains oxygen and carbon dioxide, which are needed for life. . Name three causes of light pollution. * Shopping centres, floodlights, street lights, etc . Why is light pollution undesirable for astronomers? * It makes it difficult to see fainter stars and galaxies. . What shape is the Earth? * Oblate spheroid (squashed sphere). The diameter is greater at the equator than it is at the poles. . What is the

  • Word count: 24627
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Osmosis is defined as 'the movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, across a semi-permeable membrane' (Collins, 1999).

Prediction Osmosis is defined as 'the movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, across a semi-permeable membrane' (Collins, 1999). If you get information from books put the copied text in brackets and at the end put the authors surname and date the book was published in brackets. Then put the full details of the book at the end of the course work in the 'References' In a high concentration of water the amount of solute (e.g. sugar) is low. This could be called a weak or dilute solution. In a low concentration of water the amount of solute (e.g. sugar) is high. This could be called a strong or concentrated solution. When two such solutions are divided by a semi-permeable membrane the water will move from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration, until both sides are equal (have reached equilibrium). This can be seen in living cells. The cell membrane in cells is semi-permeable and the vacuole contains a sugar/salt solution. So when a cell is placed in distilled water (high water concentration) water will move across the semi-permeable membrane into the cell (lower water concentration) by osmosis, making the cell swell. This cell is now referred to as turgid. If done with potato cells the cells would increase in length volume and mass because of the extra water. If these

  • Word count: 22050
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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How temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis.

Biology A2 Coursework How temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis Contents: Title: Page number: Abstract Introduction Preliminary experiment Aim Prediction Apparatus Diagram Method Key variables Safety Results Graph (individual) Graph (class) Statistical analysis (t-test) Conclusion Discussion Evaluation Bibliography Abstract: The aim of the experiment was to observe and analyse the affect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis. This rate was measured by the rate of oxygen produced (mm3/min), by a photosynthesising plant (elodea), under different temperatures. A specialised apparatus called a potometer was used to observe this affect. A certain length of elodea (50mm) was cut at a slant at one end, and was placed in a test tube and was immersed in the pondweed water it was accustomed to. The cut end of the elodea was attached to a delivery tube which was connected to a measuring tube which was further attached to a syringe by rubber tubing. This whole apparatus (the potometer) was then placed in varying temperatures to measure the affect of the temperatures on the rate of oxygen production. For each temperature the length of the oxygen bubble released by the plant was measured by pulling it into

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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How much Iron (II) in 100 grams of Spinach Oleracea?

How much Iron (II) in 100 grams of Spinach Oleracea? Spinach Oleracea Name : Jade Taylor Candidate Number : 3689 Centre Number : 58203 Year of Entry : 2004 Contents Plan Aim To found out how much Iron (II) is present in 100 grams of Spinach Oleracea. The factors that I am going to investigated in this experiment include finding the best method to determine the concentration of an Iron (II) Ammonium Sulphate (aq) by trying colorimetry, an electrochemical cells experiment and a redox titration with Potassium Manganate (aq). After this I will extract Iron (II) from Spinach Oleracea using various methods (i.e. boiling the Spinach Oleracea for a range of times in different solutions) and use this spinach extract solution to determine the volume of iron extracted. I will take into account the presences of Oxalate ions and change my experiment accordingly (i.e. heating the spinach extract solution before titration's). Introduction It is important to know the Iron (II) content in 100 grams of Spinach Oleracea, as this allows people to calculate how much Spinach Oleracea needs to be eaten in order to obtain the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of Iron (II). As shown in the table below the Recommended Daily Allowance for Iron (II) varies with age and sex (2) The Recommended Daily Allowance of Iron (II) (2) Age Amount (mg) Youth -3 6 4-12 8 Males 3-18 0

  • Word count: 20005
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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My Project On Artificial Satellites.

INTRODUCTION Space Exploration, quest to use space travel to discover the nature of the universe beyond Earth. Since ancient times, people have dreamed of leaving their home planet and exploring other worlds. In the later half of the 20th century, that dream became reality. The space age began with the launch of the first artificial satellites in 1957. A human first went into space in 1961. Since then, astronauts and cosmonauts have ventured into space for ever greater lengths of time, even living aboard orbiting space stations for months on end. Two dozen people have circled the moon or walked on its surface. At the same time, robotic explorers have journeyed where humans could not go, visiting all but one of the solar system's major worlds. Unpiloted spacecraft have also visited a host of minor bodies such as moons, comets, and asteroids. These explorations have sparked the advance of new technologies, from rockets to communications equipment to computers. Spacecraft studies have yielded a bounty of scientific discoveries about the solar system, the Milky Way Galaxy, and the universe. And they have given humanity a new perspective on the earth and its neighbors in space. The first challenge of space exploration was developing rockets powerful enough and reliable enough to boost a satellite into orbit. These boosters needed more than brute force, however; they also

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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In this experiment I aim to find out how the force and mass affect acceleration. I shall do this by setting up an experiment involving a ticker tape timer and trolley.

Method In this experiment I aim to find out how the force and mass affect acceleration. I shall do this by setting up an experiment involving a ticker tape timer and trolley, to keep the experiment as fair as possible I will only change one variable at a time. For the first part I will only vary the force (see fig. 1) in difference weights of 1N, 2N, 3N and 4N. In order to keep the friction acting on the trolley constant I will make the ramp which the trolley is on at the exact angle so it would keep moving at constant speed if I pushed it, this simulates no friction. Also I will keep the mass of the trolley constant by weighing it on a top pan balance. Finally the ticker timer was kept at constant time intervals. Aswell as varying the force I decided to vary the mass of the trolley in masses of an extra; 100g, 200g, 300g and 400g. However as in the first part I have to keep the other variables constant, the force pulling on the trolley must stay at 1N and in the same way as before also the friction and time intervals. Another thing that I would usually take into consideration is that the experiment should be repeated to give better results, however this is not important because the ticker timer and trolley give very accurate results. After setting up the apparatus to give fair results I will carry out four sets of ticker timers for the force and then for the mass of the

  • Word count: 17532
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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GCSE Chemistry Revision Notes - everything!

Page of 9/29/2012 Chemistry Syllabus Atoms Atomic structure Relative molecular and formula masses Chemical formulae and chemical equations Ionic compounds Covalent substances Electrolysis Metallic crystals The Periodic Table Group 1 elements Group 2 elements Group 7 elements Oxygen and oxides Sulphur and nitrogen Hydrogen The transition metals – iron and copper Reactivity series Preparing and analysing Alkanes Alkenes Ethanol States of matter Acidic, alkalinity and neutralisation Energetics Rates of reaction Dynamic Equilibria Extraction and uses of metals Natural oil and gas Synthetic polymers The manufacture of chemicals ________________ ________________ Atoms The simplest substances from which all other substances are made up are called elements. They are shown in the periodic table and can be represented by a chemical symbol. This consists of one or two letters. The first letter is always a capital letter. Elements can be divided into groups into two ways: . Solid, liquid and gas 2. Metal and non-metal Elements combine in fixed proportions to form compounds. The compound sodium chloride is composed of two elements: the metal, sodium, and the non-metal, chlorine. The compound calcium carbonate contains the metal, calcium, and two non-metals carbon and oxygen. All elements are made up of atoms. An atom is the smallest part

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Resistance of a Wire Investigation

FIRST Before starting my coursework I have decided to choose a factor that will affect the resistance of a wire. I shall do this by going through all of the factors that affect the resistance of a wire and how I would measuring each factor to find out which would be the most effective and easiest factor to measure. Below is a list of factors and reasons why they affect the resistance of a wire. From this list of factors I shall only pick one factor to investigate. To explain the how the factors would affect the resistance of a wire I have drawn a diagram to show how resistance occurs. GAP To chose which factor I am going to investigate I am going to consider how I would measure each factor and which factor would be the best and easiest to record. To measure the wire width I would use different widths of the same length and same material of wire. To record the difference in widths I would use the same voltage and measure the resistance for each thickness. Although it would be easy to obtain and record the data the graphs that I would be able to draw up would not be interesting. For the temperature of the wire I would not be able to carry out a fair test because it is extremely difficult to produce and control the range of temperatures needed without the correct equipment. If I chose to measure the difference in the resistance in different materials I would chose a number of

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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An Investigation into Species Diversity with distance along a Pingo.

An Investigation into Species Diversity with distance along a Pingo Aim: The aim of this investigation is to identify the relationship between species diversity and distance along a pingo. This will be achieved by identifying the number of different species along the profile of a pingo in Foulden Common, Norfolk. Statistical tests will be done on the data to test the results' significance. Two abiotic factors will be investigated; including edaphic factors, in particular soil moisture and pH, and the effect of climate; light intensity at each zone will be measured to see the effect it has on the vegetation growth of the area. Introduction: Foulden Common is situated in Norfolk. It is classified as ancient chalk grassland and for that reason is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is diverse is species and topography, containing pingoes, anthills, open pasture and set aside. My study will focus on the pingoes, and the vegetation they are home to. The pingoes found on the Common are relic glacial landforms. They are likely to have formed during the Pleistocene (the last Ice age about 2 million years ago). There are two different types of pingo; a closed-system pingo and an open-system pingo. The closed-system pingo forms from a local supply of water, they often form on the sites of small lakes. Initially the water would insulate the underlying sediments,

  • Word count: 15175
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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