Does the Concentration of CuSO4 Affect the Germination of Barley Seeds?
Does the Concentration of CuSO4 Affect the Germination of Barley Seeds? Investigation Analysis When looking at the data collection sheet it can be seen that as the concentration of CuSO4 increases, the percentage of seed germination decreases. This already shows a clear sign that enzyme inhibition has occurred. Looking at the "Average Length of Roots" graph, it can be seen that the concentration of CuSO4 does inhibit the growth of roots significantly because the average root length drops sharply after the 0% solution. However some of my results nay have been anomalous because the decline is far too steep to draw any reliable conclusions. When comparing this graph to the "Average Length of Shoot" graph, it can be seen that the average shoot length for each concentration depreciates at a steadier rate; perhaps then, heavy metal ions affect enzymes that are responsible for root growth more than they affect those that are responsible for shoot growth. This is could be a topic for further investigation. For both graphs however, its shows that the depreciation rate between each concentration decreases. For example, using the "Average Length of Roots" graph it can be seen that the gradient between each concentration becomes steadier and steadier as the concentration increases. This shows that inhibition of growth is affected most directly after the 0% concentration. When
John Jevons - 11HD
John Jevons - 11HD GCSE Science Coursework: Physics Investigation Aim: To investigate if the length of a wire determines the resistance of a wire by using different lengths of nichrome wire. Planning: A Current is measured in amps (A). It is a measure of the charge that flows per second. It uses the formula Current = charge / time. Charge in itself represents the number of electrons flowing through the wire per second. It is measured with an ammeter. Resistance is where a metal wire is connected to an electric circuit, and the voltage from the battery sends electrons through the wire. The electrons that collide with the metal ions of the wire and slow down. Resistance is measured by how freely the electrons move within a metal wire, high resistance meaning that the electrons have difficulty moving, while a low resistance, meaning the opposite, that they move freely and aren't slowed. The four following factors affect resistance:- Thickness of the wire - The thicker the wire, the more space the electrons have to move, therefore reducing resistance. Length of the wire - The longer the wire, the more the electrons have to travel, thus increasing resistance. Temperature - When the temperature of a metal is increased, the metal ions inside vibrate more, and so the electrons which are moving through have a higher chance of hitting a moving metal ion rather than a stationary
Copper, Constantan, Manganan and Nichrome - which is the best conductor?
Physics Coursework Copper, Constantan, Manganan and Nichrome - which is the best conductor? Background Knowledge Conduction of electricity in metals requires a potential difference across two ends of a conductor for it to occur. This causes a flow of electrons in the wire, more commonly known as a current. The electrons in this current are free, meaning they are can move around in the wire freely. The number of free electrons depends on the wire. The more free electrons the better a conductor it will be. The electrons may however come up against some resistances while flowing in the current. Resistance is the result of energy loss as heat. These resistances or obstacles, which slow the electrons down, are other electrons and the fixed particles of the metal i.e. atoms. These slow the electrons down because while they are flowing freely they collide with the other electrons and the fixed particles. These collisions convert some of the energy that the free electrons are carrying into heat. The resistance of a length of wire is calculated by measuring the current in the circuit (in series) and the voltage across the wire (in parallel). Then the resistance can be found by incorporating these values into this formula: - R = V / I Units V = Potential Difference (Voltage) measured in volts I = Current measured in amps R = Resistance measured in ohms It is also required to
The Gower Peninsula
Biology Coursework Field Studies The Gower Peninsula Introduction Before deciding on what to do for my main investigation, I decided to carry out a preliminary investigation on two different beaches. One was sheltered and one was an exposed beach. This preliminary investigation will give me some knowledge of the variety of species on the beaches from which I will choose one to concentrate on in my main field study. I chose a site close to Mumbles, which is near Swansea in Wales as the site for the investigation because there is a sheltered and an exposed beach very close to one another in that area. One is exposed to the powerful waves of the Atlantic Ocean while the other is sheltered by a bay. I will also observe the changes in species abundances to give me an idea of where the different zones on the beaches are and so help me further with choosing my main investigation. Preliminary Investigation I will be using a transect technique to record my data, this way the investigation could be repeated easily as the method is simple and allows for a margin of error. There are three types of transect but I have decided to use a belt transect for the following reasons. A line transect involves recording data along the whole length of the beach, from upper shore to lower shore, which is impractical given our time limit of between five and ten hours to record our data. A point
SIGNAL ANALYSIS
Engineering Lab Report AIMS 2 OBJECTIVES 2 PART 1: 2 PART 2: 2 EQUIPMENT 2 PROCEDURE 3 PART 1: 3 THEORY 4 FILTERS: 4 Fig 1 Ideal Filter 4 Fig 2 Typical Filter 5 Fig 3 Typical 2-stage Filter 5 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM: 6 FOURIER ANALYSIS: 8 Components of a sine function: 8 RESULTS 9 LOW PASS FILTER 9 Table of Results: 9 Graph of Results: 9 Bode Plot for the Low Pass Filter: 10 HIGH PASS FILTER 10 Table of Results: 10 Graph of Results: 11 Bode Plot for the High Pass Filter: 11 BAND PASS FILTER 12 Table of Results: 12 Graph of Results: 13 Bode Plot for the Band Pass Filter: 13 STOP BAND FILTER 14 Table of Results: 14 Graph of Results: 15 Bode Plot for the Band Stop Filter: 15 2-STAGE LOW PASS FILTER 16 Table of Results: 16 Graph of Results: 16 Bode Plot for the 2-StageLow Pass Filter: 17 RESULTS FOR PART 2 17 SQUARE WAVE: 17 RAMP FUNCTION: 18 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: 20 FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: 20 MODULATED SINE WAVE: 21 MODULATED SQUARE WAVE 21 DISCUSSION 22 CONCLUSION 23 APPENDICES 24 SIGNAL ANALYSIS AIMS Through experimentation of signal analysis, an understanding will be gained of a signal's behaviour when passing through filter systems of various orders. This also includes the understanding of the mathematical representation of signals and filter systems in both time and frequency domains with the use of Fourier
To work out the concentration of a substance from the heat energy of neutralisation.
To work out the concentration of a substance from the heat energy of neutralisation. In this test we are going to be putting alkali and acid together,We obviously know that it creates a reaction and when something reacts it creates heat.So I think that the results will be that with an equal amount of acids(25cm3) and alkali(25cm3)there will be the most heat rise.from this we can work out the concentration by the equation N=(hcl)= c x v 000 =2 x V (v will come from the graph) 000 = N x 1000 C By predicting myself now what will happen without using the equation-The biggest reaction will come from the acid and alkali with equal amounts which will produce the most heat Safety: The experiment will include a Bunsen burner which can obviously burn and particularly strong acid and alkali which can burn especially the acis,Alkali can irritate the skin.The first thing to put on should be the goggles as our eyes are then protected before we even come into contact with the acid etc. Bags should be placed under the tables out of anyone's way so no one trips up and all loose clothing to be removed or tied back e.g. Hair.During the experiment These things are going to be/should be in use -A Bunsen burner 5-polysteriene cups(to hold acid and alkali when reacting) 2-heat proof mat 6-Buret 3-tongs 7.goggles(to protect eyes) 4-glass beakers Variables: There are
How Exercise affects heart rate
How Exercise affects heart rate Aim My aim is to find out how exercise affects heart rate, I am going to find this out by doing Sit ups and taking my pulse and seeing how much it increases / decreases as I do sit ups for a longer amount of time. To get a good pulse I am going to take my pulse over 15 secs and times it by 4 this will give me a closer pulse than waiting for a minute because it would then increase / decrease as I measured it. Safety I am going to make this experiment safe by: . Warming up and down 2. Not over doing my self 3. Taking a rest after each time of sit ups 4. Not doing sit ups near a wall or table. Factors The factors that will affect my experiment are: > The speed I do sit ups > Fitness > Temperature Fair Test I am going to make this a fair test by; > keeping to the same pace of sit ups during the timing, > resting till my pulse has returned to normal > do repeats > use the same person > use the same exercise Apparatus The equipment I will need is: . A stopwatch 2. Gym clothes 3. Test subject Method . Take your resting pulse 2. Start doing sit ups for 1 min and take your pulse 3. Do two more repeats 4. After your pulse has slowed do the same procedure but for 2 min. 5. Do the same for 3 + 4 min 6. Plot a graph Prediction As the time I do exercise for increases my pulse will also increase, this because as the
Concnetraion Hydorchloric Acid
How does changing the Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid Affect the Rate of Reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Magnesium? Dependent Variable Volume of Hydrogen Produced - the volume of hydrogen produced in cm3 will be affected by the independent variable which in this case is the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. There is no way in which the volume of hydrogen produced can be controlled however make sure none is lost by making sure that the gas syringe is correctly connected. Measurements will be taken every 30 seconds for the volume of hydrogen produced for 5 minutes. Independent Variable Concentration - the variable which will be controlled is the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. The concentrations which will be used are 2M, 1.8M, 1.6M, 1.4M, 1.2M, 1.0M, 0.8M, 0.6M, 0.4M and 0.2M. The concentrations will be changed by using different measurements of hydrochloric acid and water. Controlled Variable The equation for the reaction can be seen below; Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) --> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) I will be controlling many of the variable which affect the volume of hydrogen which is produced. Temperature - The temperature will be controlled because if the temperature was to be changed this could affect the dependent variable. To control this the experiment shall be done in the same lab with no heating and no cooling will be done while the temperature will also
Attack of the Clones - Is it right or wrong?
Attack of the Clones Is it right or wrong? Cloning is the creation of a human being, or a number of human beings, who are genetically identical to another. There are two types of cloning: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning is when cloning techniques are used to start the growth of embryos in order to create new organs or cells for medical purposes. The Government already allows scientists to carry out a certain amount of therapeutic cloning as it can help different patients in many ways. Through therapeutic cloning, livers would be able to be cloned for liver transplants, kidneys could be cloned for kidney transplants, bone marrow would be able to be cloned for adults and children who suffer from leukaemia and scientists are confident that they will be able to grow nerves or the spinal cord back again when people are injured. This would mean that quadriplegics such as the actor, Christopher Reeves would be able to get up and walk again. Reproductive cloning is the creation of a new person with the same genetic make-up as someone who is alive or has lived. Reproductive cloning would help people with some genetic diseases such as some heart conditions to have children of their own genetic offspring without taking the risk of passing on the disease to their children. This means that eventually, some diseases would be eradicated. Reproductive
Transpiration Coursework
Transpiration Coursework -Planning I plan on conducting an experiment to find out whether the surface area and number of leaves on an individual stem has any effect on the change of weight of the leaves. Hypothesis- I predict that the leaves will all become lighter, and the more leaves on the stem, the more weight will be lost. I predict this because the water is taken back into the leaves, and is lost through the tiny holes in the leaves called stomata. The stems with more leaves on them will lose more weight, as there are more holes for the water to be lost through, also, the leave with the largest surface area will lose the most weight for the same reason. Apparatus- Test- tubes Privet bush cuttings Beaker Balance Scales Water- 15 ml Oil Measurements- I will use a balance to measure the new weight of each test- tube. I will measure the specific amount of water being poured into each test-tube, and I will measure the surface area of an average sized leaf on each stem. I will do this by drawing round the leaf on squared paper, and then counting the squares. The weight will me weighed in grams (g), the surface area will be measured in cm squares, and the weight lost will be in grams (g). Fair Test- I will make this a fair test by; keeping the amount of water at a constant amount of 15ml, with 3 drops of oil on top so that the water does not directly
