D. Earning and Income
E. Authority, autonomy, managerial opportunity vs. subordination,
Supervision
III. Factors, Causes, Explanations, Issues
A. Structural-Functional Analysis: Role Differentiation
B. Neo-Classical Economics Analysis: Women’s “Tastes,” “Preferences”
C. Marxist Analysis: Capitalist Exploitation of Historical Gender Subordination to Appropriate Surplus Value of Women’s
Domestic Labor
D. Patriarchy: Continuity of Historical Patriarchy in Domestic Sphere, and Transfer of Patriarchy to Public/Labor Market Sphere
E. Roles, Positions of Women in Contemporary Class Formation =??
RACE, ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS, LANGUAGE, PRIMORDIAL GROUPINEQUALITY
1. Discrimination: Theoretical and Empirical Problems Surrounding Individual Stigma, Group Stereotypes, Broader-Collective “Orientalism.”
2. Resource Variations: Human Capital Advantages/Disadvantages
3.Durations of Residence, Historical Entry Point advantages/ Disadvantages
4. Cultural, Motivational, etc. Advantages/Disadvantages
5. Genetic (“Bell-Curve”) Effects?
6. “Discrimination” as Typically Inferred “Empirically” from “Residual,” Not-Otherwise Assignable or Accountable Effects or
Gaps
7.?? Race-, Ethnic-Specific Sub-Cultures, Communities with
Collectivity-Specific Stratification Regimes?
Identifying Hierarchically-Ordered Social Divisions and Groups
Castes:
Ritual, Religious status, membership & closure determined by birth,parentage; economic, social, political spinoffs; endogamy prescribed;inter-caste mobility generally proscribed, tabooed; concepts of caste“purity” or “impurity” ritually recognized and enforced.
Estates:
Political, economic status determined by birth, parentage; social,
political spinoffs; endogamy prescribed; inter-estate mobility generallyproscribed, though not necessarily ritually or religiously tabooed.
Elites:
“Ruling” vs. “Functional” Elites
Monolithic vs. fragmented elites
Elite Stability vs. circulation, open recruitment
Elites in Democracies: C. Wright Mills and successors
Elites in Relation to Social Classes: Digby Baltzell and successors
Elites in conflict with non-elites , authority vs. non-authority Identifying, studying elites: methodological & technical problems.
Status Groups:
Measurement of status revisited Bases, axes of positive and negative status: stigma, stereotyping, Orientalism again.
Identifying status groups: subjective, reputation, & objective criteria
Technical aspects: criteria, assessing status as entitlement
Examples
Social Classes as Membership Groups, Collectivities:
Subjectively-Conceived Classes- Examples, Problems
Reputationally-Conceived Classes: the Warner school examples
Objectively-Conceived Classes
Marx
Weber
UK Registrar-General and Related Occupation-based Classes
Giddens: Theoretical “Market Position” Classes
Goldthorpe: Applied “Market Position” Classes
Wright: Theoretical and Applied “Marxian” Classes
Grusky: The case for “disaggregation” of class divisions.
Class Differentiation, and the Convergence Debate
A Simplified Social Class Delineation(Modified Giddens Schema):
1. Propertied Upper Class
2. Entrepreneurial and High-Credentialed Middle Class
3. Low Credentialed Working Class
4. Uncredentialed Working- and Underclass
“Propertied Upper Class” is similar to Giddens’ “upper (propertied) class,” akin to W.L Warner’s “Upper Upper” and “Lower Upper” classes combined, and “propertied” part of Goldthorpe’s “ServiceClass.”
“Entrepreneurial and High-Credentialed Middle Class” is roughly the upper part of Giddens’ “middle (possession of educational or technical qualifications)” class, or akin to Warner’s “Upper Middle” Class, and the rest of Goldthorpe’s “Service Class.”
“Low-Credentialed Working Class” is roughly the lower part of
Giddens’ “middle ( possession of educational or technical qualifications)” class, or akin to Warner’s “Lower Middle” and higher part of his “Upper Lower” classes combined, approximately the same as oldthorpe’s “Intermediate Classes” combined.
“Uncredentialed Working- and Underclass” is similar to Giddens’
“lower, or working” class, akin to the lower part of Warner’s “Upper lower” and his “Lower Lower” class combined and to Goldthorpe’s Unskilled Working” Class.
EXPLANATIONS FOR SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENTIATION and ITS INTERGENERATIONAL REPRODUCTION
Motif 1: Inertia, tradition, custom, imitation, etc.
Motif 2: Wealth and Income Differences
Motif 3: Complexity of Work Tasks; Self-Direction in Work
Motif 4: Elaborated vs. Restrictive Language Codes
FACTORS REPUTEDLY ASSOCIATED WITH DIMINISHING CLASS DIFFERENTIATION , “Decline of Classes”
Declining fertility in working class, convergence to small family patterns
Stability of working class employment and income
General enhancement of incomes, consumption; “mass” marketing
Increase in schooling, extended school continuation, credentialing and declining influence of family background factors in status attainment
“Revolutions” in communications and information, mutual visibility
Erosion of White Collar workplace status and income advantages
Decline of Class Politics, Class Voting