Biology Cell biology
u Contents - Design pg 3 .1 Defining the problem pg 3 .1.1- Focus question Pg 3 .1.2- Hypotheses Pg 3 .1.3- Theory Pg 3 .1.4- Investigating variables Pg 4 .2- Controlling variables Pg4 .2.1- Variables tables pg 4 .2.2- Control used for comparison pr 5 .3- Experimental methods .3.1- materials pg 5 .3.2- Practical health and safety form (appendix) .3.2- method pg 6 2.0- data collection and processing page 6 2.1.1- Raw data table pg 7 2.1.2- Qualitative data Pg 7 2.2-processing raw data 8 2.2.1- mathematical calculations 8 2.3- Presenting processed data pg 9 2.3.1 Overview pg 9 2.3.2- Processed data pg 9 to 11 3.1- Conclusion and evaluation pg 12 3.1.1- Conclusion 12 3.1.2- Limitations of experimental design pg 13 3.1.3 - Improvements to experimental design pg 14 Bibliography pg 15 Appendix pg 16 onwards . Design .1 Defining the problem .1.1 Focus Question- What will happen to the rate of reaction of the amylase in the starch when the temperature is changed? .1.2 Hypothesis- The rate of reaction of amylase in starch will change as the temperature is changed. .1.3 Theory- A enzyme is a catalyst (increases the rate of reaction)(Malcolm P 2008). These enzymes are important within the body to reconstruct the nutrients we use into the compounds we need. Without these enzymes the reactions would occur far too slowly and we would slowly
Plant Science Lab Report
Plant Science Lab Report Aim: To study the effect of salt (NaCl) concentration on plant growth Hypothesis: I believe that the plant which has the highest concentration of salt will have its growth affected and the NaCl will cause the plants' size to decrease. In my opinion the plant which will grow is the plant without any salt. This is because plants need salt, but in a small amount unlike humans. Too much salt in a plant can cause the death of the plant. When there is a large amount of salt in a plant, the salt will become toxic. The salt can dehydrate the cells within, causing the plants to die. This happens to more than just one cell. The effect of the salt can cause enough cells to decease, to kill an entire plant. When the cells are dehydrated, the plant turns yellow. Not only cells are affected in this process, the photosynthesis system can also get affected also. As because when the salt dehydrates the cells no water is available for photosynthesis. The salt also penetrates its way to the chloroplast. The salt would then accidentally be used in the process of photosynthesis. Therefore ending the process of photosynthesis. Controlled Variable: - Same type of plant - Same location - Same amount of water in plants - Same casing for the plant - Same amount of soil Independent Variable: - Concentration of NaCl (0%, 5%, 15%, 10%) Dependent Variable: - Growth of
Biology Scientific Events
Current Events November 17, 2008 DNA, Jim, but not as we know it This article talks about a new discovery of DNA-like molecules using unnatural versions of the DNA bases. The result is a molecule that is more structurally stabile than natural DNA and can resist breakdowns by DNA-degrading enzymes in cells. The article explains the possible future uses of this molecular particularly in engineering. I chose this article because I thought it was really interesting how they can manipulate the structure of DNA to create a molecule that can form a double helix as well as a triple helix, which is created by replacing the regular bond with a triple bond. I did not know the structure of DNA could be rearranged to create other molecules. This discovery shows how flexible the DNA structure is; it is really fascinating. I support the idea of synthesizing DNA into other DNA-like molecules to explore the DNA structure and to customize more forms of the structure. This article relates to our learning of DNA, its bases and the basic double helix structure. The article demonstrates that the DNA structure is very flexible and is not just fixed to the general structure we are learning. The discovery of the artificial DNA could be a building framework for constructing medical and nanotechnological structures. Also it creates opportunities to construct more DNA-like molecules that has the
Effect on temperature on the rate of transpiration of HIbiscus sp
Design lab for the IB Internal Assessment Background information According to "ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES", transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants. Plants absorb soil water through their roots and this water can originate from deep in the soil. Plants pump the water up from the soil to deliver nutrients to their leaves. This pumping is driven by the evaporation of water through small pores called "stomates", which are found on the undersides of leaves. ASPECT 1 Research question The effect of temperature on the rate of transpiration of Hibiscus sp? Hypothesis If the temperature increases, then the rate of transpiration will increase as well as the rate of diffusion between the air spaces inside the leaf and the air outside. This is because the increase in temperature reduces the relative humidity of air outside the leaf, therefore evaporation occurs faster. Variables Independent variable: Soil temperature Dependent variables: Rate of transpiration of Hibiscus sp Controlled variables: - Type of plant - Size of plant specimen - Light intensity - Humidity - Wind speed - Amount of water - Type of potometer - Time ASPECT 2 Controlling variables Plant Use the same type of plant for every experiment and cut them into the same size. Humidity, wind speed The results wouldn't have much effect even though
Enzyme Lab
Enzyme Lab Examination of how the concentration of substrate (H2O2) affects the rate of Enzyme Activity (Liver). Sean Williams Lab Partner: Jaemin Cho IB Biology Standard Level November 18, 2010 Introduction Enzymes are proteins produced by living things that operate as biochemical catalysts (speed up chemical reactions). These enzymes are formed from a sequence of amino acids that take on a specific three-dimensional structure. Along this structure, there is a spot called the active site, where the substrate "matches" the shape of the site. An analogy can be used to explain this in the way that a lock and key are specific and match each other. Here, the lock is the enzyme's active site while the key is the substrate. Substrate is the medium or surface that an organism attaches to. This base or foundation is what the enzyme "works" on. The substrate binds with the enzyme's active site, and the enzyme catalyzes, leading to a chemical reaction. Focused Problem I will investigate how the concentration H2O2 (substrate) will affect the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction (liver). ? This will be observed by placing a disk of liver into a test tube, and adding 5ml of H2O2 into the test tube. The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction will be observed by measuring how much water is displaced from the 100ml graduated cylinder, which is filled with water (placed in a water
Pros and Cons of GMO crops
Rashmeen Jaggi Science Report - 10B 1th March 2010 Are we harvesting Fear or Hope? The Pros and Cons of GM Crops Since 1996, when the first genetically modified crops were commercialized, the use of genetically modified crops has increased by 10% or more each year and this estimation is likely to increase in the coming years. These crops are being utilized for both animal and human consumption, which has been increasing with the massive increase in world population. Genetically modified crops are created in the process of genetic engineering by inserting a foreign gene into the genome of the organism in order to increase resistance against pest and pesticides that have been causing crop loss for centuries. This scientific approach is now in use by approximately 8.5 million famers around the world; 90% of them living in developing countries. The use of genetically modified crops has not only benefitted the international market but has also allowed scientists to recreate species that have had previously been extinct. Unlike natural selection or selective breeding, genetic engineering has allowed more predictable and improved results. 7, 8 & 12 Figure 1: The above demonstrate a DNA molecule which is composed of four different types of nucleotide basis that are paired together forming the following pairs: adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine. The basis could be either paired
Historic Events in Cell Biology and Cell Theory
Viktor Svensson Biology IB SL Ms. Bajin 30th August 2008 Historic Events in Cell Biology and Cell Theory The study of cells and cell theory draws us back all the way to the 1600s. However, with the confines of the individual eye, much of the premature biological research concentrated on mounting tools to help us observe miniature things. As this technology became more and more sophisticated, biological findings proliferated. Towards the 1800s, with some minor findings and studies in the records, scientists were able to generate the cell theory. The cell theory eloquently states that cells are the basic structure of all living things. This theory along with other cell findings from the mid 1600s to the late 1800s have played a foremost important role in the study of life in the world today. Sacharias Jansen was a Dutch man credited for inventing the compound microscope or parts of the first microscope. Even though many of the facts about who invented the microscope are very debatable, it is for certain that Sacharias Jansen contributed, along wit his father in the making of the first microscope. The early invention of the microscope in 1955 by Robert Hooke allowed the first cell to be seen. This discovery was a big step forwards in the world of cells. The English physicist and microscopist coined the term "cell" to describe what the basic unit of all life consists of.
Reflectivity of Light Biology Lab
Title: Reflectivity of Light Part A PLANNING A Purpose: To calculate the percent of reflectivity of various colors. Problem: Prediction: Experimental Design: Refer to Hand-out Variables: a) Manipulated Variable: b) Responding Variable: c) Controlled Variables: PLANNING B Materials: Refer to Hand-out Procedures: Refer to Hand-out DATA COLLECTION Evidence: The Reflection Value of Different Colors Color Aluminum Black White Red Blue Reflection Value 0.900 0.420 0.864 0.866 0.744 DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION Analysis: Calculate the Percent Reflectivity (Albedo) of Each Color % Reflectivity = (Value for Paper)/(Value for Aluminum) x 100% % Reflectivityaluminum = (0.900)/(0.900) x 100% = 100% % Reflectivityblack = (0.420)/(0.900) x 100% = 46.67% % Reflectivitywhite = (0.864)/(0.900) x 100% = 96% % Reflectivityred = (0.866)/(0.900) x 100% = 96.22% % Reflectivityblue = (0.744)/(0.900) x 100% = 82.67% CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION Conclusion: Through the findings of this experiment, different colors yield different percent of reflectivity. Evaluation: . Which color, other than aluminum, has the highest reflectivity? Of all the colors, red had the highest reflectivity next to aluminum. 2. Which color has the lowest reflectivity? Of all the colors, black had the lowest reflectivity. 3. What materials might give a planet a high
Biology Extended Essay 2009
International Baccalaureate Presbyterian Ladies' College Extended Essay Biology 'Investigation and Comparison of nutritional values and health impact between freshly squeezed orange juice and two types of processed orange juice' Research Question: How well can processed orange juice be consumed in substitution of freshly squeezed orange juice, in term of its nutritional value and its impact on human health? Candidate Name: Ratima Kiatsommart Supervisor Name: Annabel Henriques Abstract "How well can processed orange juice be consumed in substitution of freshly squeezed orange juice, in term of its nutritional value and its impact on human health" This essay focuses on an investigation of three main distinct types of orange juice - Freshly squeezed, pasteurized and Juice from concentrate. From these three types, it is possible to identify, compare and contrast the benefits each one has towards human bodies. The scope of investigation is narrowed down to focus on the method of processing and characteristics of each type of orange juice. Benefits of fresh orange juice and the impacts of the both processed orange juice towards human health were explored in more depth. Many aspects of the characteristics of the orange juice were taken into account and enable the comparison to be more efficient. Survey and Experiment on the Vitamin C content were constructed for the
GM Foods
The Impact of Science on Genetically Modified Foods Science is the modern world's most essential asset. Most of our lives today revolve around science and technology, and without either, we would not be able to function in today's world. For instance, science has transformed old-age fishing methods into high-tech fishing machines that are greatly assisting today's fisheries. Science has also made reproduction for women suffering from infertility and birth complications possible by providing aid in the form of 'test tube babies' and surrogacy. Another major step that science has taken comes in the form of Genetically Modified foods. Fruits and vegetables are the most commonly used terms associated with Genetically Modified Foods. These foods are genetically modified using molecular biology techniques to add more nutrition to crops, to alter crops so that they are resistant towards pests, to alter crops so that they don't get diseases from fungi and bacteria, to tolerate cold temperatures (mainly for seeds which would not normally be capable of surviving through cold), to alter the natural size of the crop, etc. Genetically Modified Foods allow scientists to grow whatever they like, wherever they like without having to go through the trial and error process of selective breeding. (Mark Tester). There are plenty of advantages that come from the use of GM foods which will prove
