![Research Question (RQ) How does the position of the arm (cuff) in relation to the heart, affect the blood pressure[1] of non-diabetic, female, 16 year olds, in terms of Systolic Pressure[2] and Diastolic Pressure[3]?](https://mbt-essays-prod-public.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/893365/listing/893365_1.jpg)
Research Question (RQ) How does the position of the arm (cuff) in relation to the heart, affect the blood pressure[1] of non-diabetic, female, 16 year olds, in terms of Systolic Pressure[2] and Diastolic Pressure[3]?
IB Biology Human Physiology - Circulatory System - Open Investigation Planning A Research Question (RQ) How does the position of the arm (cuff) in relation to the heart, affect the blood pressure1 of non-diabetic, female, 16 year olds, in terms of Systolic Pressure2 and Diastolic Pressure3? Hypothesis It is known that there are many factors that influence blood pressure and blood pressure readings one of which will be explored in this experiment - the affect of the position of the monitored extremity (cuff) in relation to the heart. 'Blood pressure readings may be influenced by body position because of variation in the vertical distance between heart and cuff level.' (CAVELAARS Marinel; et al. - 2000) It is hypothesised that blood pressure will increase as the position of the monitored arm moves from 'Below the Heart' to 'In Line With the Heart' to 'Above Heart' in a proportional manner. To investigate this, the systolic pressure and diastolic pressures (mmHg) will be measured when the monitored arm is in various positions. In line with this prediction, literature states that, 'When the blood pressure (BP) is measured, the arm should be at the level of the heart' (STEPHEN S.EHRLICH, M.D., - 2004) and that the values thus produced will be the true blood pressure values.' Therefore the blood pressure values calculated with the monitored arm 'In Line With the Heart' will
Research Question: Does the duration of exercise have an increased effect on a persons heart rate?
Aim: Investigate the effect of a factor on Heart Rate Introduction: People exercise on a daily basis for a variety of reasons. With exercise people often find themselves short of breath and must breathe deeply and more often in order to compensate. Due to the fact that exercise causes someone to breathe more rapidly, it would also seem that it also increases someone's heart rate. In order to gauge the effect of exercise on someone's heart rate, this lab will vary the periods of exercise that one undergoes and heart rate will be recorded afterwards. It would seem that the longer the duration of the exercise, the higher the heart rate will be. Research Question: Does the duration of exercise have an increased effect on a person's heart rate? Independent Variable: The duration of exercise - Exercise will occur for periods of 0 seconds, 45 seconds and 90 seconds after each heart rate will be recorded Dependent Variable: The heart rate of a person in beats per minute - Immediately after exercise students will find their pulse on their neck and count the number of beats they feel in a sixty second time period Control Variable: -Pulse will be found at one's neck each time. This is done to avoid confusion when counting pulse and so that in case pulse recorded varies in other parts of the body such as the wrist such error can at least be consistent. - The Type of exercise
Chromatography lab. Title: separation of pigments of photosynthesis using paper chromatography.
Chromatography Experiment Title: separation of pigments of photosynthesis using paper chromatography. Goal (main aim): Calculating the Rf of every single pigment, in order to distinguish it and identify its solubility. Hypothesis: In photosynthesis; two types of pigments are involved; chlorophyll (A or B) and carotenoids, by using paper chromatography we can distinguish each pigment, by measuring the color's Rf; referring to the next formula: Variables: Independent variable: - Pigment solubility. Dependent variable: - The distance that the pigments move, on the chromatography paper. Controlled variables: VARIABLE WAY OF CONTROL Temperature The experiment will be carried out in room temperature. Solvent volume In order to minimize uncertainty; the solvent will be added using a pipette. Volume & concentration of extraction The extraction sample will be taken using the same tweezers. Materials and procedure: Materials: - Chromatography Jar. 2- Plant. 3- Chromatography paper. 4- Solvent (organic). 5- Tweezers. 6- Pipette. 7- Mortar and Pestle. 8- Scissors. 9- Ruler. 10- Calculator. Procedure: * Preparation of the mixture: - Place a piece of the obtained plant leave into the pestle. 2- Add 5ml (approx.), of 90% isopropyl alcohol. * Preparation of the chromatogram: - Attain a chromatography paper. - Cut the paper, in order to have a triangular
Protein Digestion Design Lab. To detect the amount of protein molecules or short polypeptide chains in the cooked egg white for this experiment, the biuret reagent will be used.
Protein Digestion Design Lab Introduction It is known that the chemical digestion of protein occurs in the stomach and small intestine. Proteins are polymers of monomers known as amino acids (a monomer is one unit of amino acid) aligned in a genetically determined sequence. Proteins contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. An enzyme is a biological catalyst made up of protein. It alters the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being chemically changed at the end of the reaction. Variables that affect enzyme activity include temperature and pH. There is a particular optimum temperature and pH which allow enzymes to perform most efficiently. This implies that since the structure of the enzyme can be affected by temperature and pH, enzymes must be proteins. When the bonds which give a protein its unique shape
PROS AND CONS OF DISSECTION
PROS AND CONS OF DISSECTION What is dissection? For some the procedure has solved some of the mysteries of life, for others it was simply disgusting and cruel. But by definition, dissection is the observing or cutting into a dead animal for the purposes of learning anatomy or physiology. There are also many other questions that students and others may have about dissection. There are many arguments as to whether it is necessary for education or inhumane and this act should stop completely. Through my research I have found that it is both necessary and it can be inhumane. However an alternative should always be available for the student unwilling to dissect and at no expense to their grade. Many advances in medicine and in the understanding of how organisms function have been the direct result of animal dissection. But then you have animal cruelty on the other side. Then again we are dissecting a dead animal. It's all a matter of believing what is right. Fetal pigs are thought to have structures relatively similar to those of humans and the fetal pig also has some of the specialized structures the human fetus has. So that is a plus for the student to see real organs like their own. Of course students would rather have the experience of observing real structures rather than just a bunch of pictures. Students also get the experience of dissecting, which is a skill they will
Laboratory work on a theme The dependence of the rate of photosynthesis on light intensity
Vahrusheva Djulya 10ib Laboratory work on a theme "The dependence of the rate of photosynthesis on light intensity" Introduction Photosynthesis is a process of converting light energy to chemical energy. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. I had to test one of two reactions of photosynthesis: the light reaction because only it used the light reaction. The main chemical reaction involved in photosynthesis is: 6CO2+6H2O (+light energy) › C6H12O6+6O2 I controlled all these conditions and made my own experiment, which proved that the light reaction really needs light to produce O2. Aim Determine intensity of photosynthesis on allocation of ?2, depending on the light exposure. Variables Independent variable is the level of the illumination level, which I changed. Dependent variable is oxygen allocation, which depends on the illumination level. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Punch, cups, a solution of baking soda 0.5%, medical syringes with the cylinder 10 ml, glass tubes, the lamp of 100 W, a box, the leaves of plants (Chlorophytum). Chlorophytum Method ) Make 24 circles from leaf uses punch and infiltrate them by water saturated with CO2 2) Infiltrated circles put for six pieces in cups with water, enriched with CO2. 3) One of the cups put in the darkness
Determining the relationship between sample size and margin of error
Determining the Relationship between Sample Size and Margin of Error 0 November 2008 PURPOSE To determine the effect of sample size on the amount of error in a population estimate obtained by capture, mark and recapture techniques. HYPOTHESIS When comparing two different samples from the same population, the null hypothesis is used. The null hypothesis expects that there is no difference between samples of different sizes. DATA PROCESSING AND COLLECTION The estimated population size was calculated using the Lincoln Index: For all rounds (in all trials) the number of individuals initially caught and markers was 20. In each round, the number of individuals recaptured as well as recaptured and marked differed. Sample population estimate calculation (for trial 1, round 1): Sample 1 (individuals initially caught) = 20 Sample 2 (individuals recaptured) = 10 Individuals recaptured and marked = 1 The actual population size was obtained by counting all members of the population in the sample area. The margin of error between the estimated population size and the actually population was determined by using the formula for percentage error: Sample percentage error calculation (for trial 1, round 1): These calculations have been used to produce Table 1. Table 1: Estimate population size and percentage error Trial Round # Number Recaptured Number of Marked
Biology Lab Report - Effects of Mouthwash on Oral Bacteria
BIOLOGY LAB REPORT: Investigating the effects of mouthwash on oral bacteria. Introduction Mouthwash targets bacteria in the mouth and are either antiseptic or antibacterial in nature. Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue or skin to reduce the possibility of infection. Antiseptics are generally distinguished from antibiotics by the latter's ability to be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body, and from disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects. Some antiseptics are true germicides, capable of destroying microbes (bacteriocidal), whilst others are bacteriostatic and only prevent or inhibit their growth. Antibacterials are antiseptics that have the proven ability to act against bacteria. An accumulation of oral bacteria can lead to a build-up of dental plaque (the material that adheres to the teeth and consists of bacterial cells, which if are not removed through flossing and brushing, can lead to gingivitis or periodontal disease). According to the American Dental Association, regular brushing and proper flossing are enough in most, and mouthwash should only be used as a short-term solution. Mouthwash may also be used to help remove mucus and food particles deeper down in the throat. This experiment therefore aims to find out the effectiveness of mouthwash against
IB Biology notes on infection and the body's responses.
IB BIOLOGY Notes From IB Biology HL Pearson I. What causes infectious disease? A. pathogen: an organism or virus that causes a disease 1. includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasitic worms etc. II. The Body's Defences Against Infection A. Non-specific Defences 1. Barriers to pathogen entry a. Skin and mucous membranes in the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts are mechanical barriers b . cilia in upper respiratory tract sweep mucus and particles up to the throat to be swallowed c. Secretions from oil glands of the skin inhibit bacterial growth on skin d. low pH of stomach inhibits bacterial growth/kills bacteria 2. Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells a. neutrophils are white blood cells that can leave the blood and phagocytize bacteria in connective tissue b. eosinophils are phagocytic but are mainly used to attack large animal parasites c. Natural killer cells kill virus-infected cells and tumour cells by cell-to cell contact 3. Inflammatory Response a. occurs when tissue gets damaged b. inflamed area becomes red, painful, swollen and hot c. Damaged tissue releases histamine i. along with mast cells (a type of white blood cell) causes vasodilation and increased permeability of nearby capillaries a. results in redness and increase in temperature ii. Swelling from escaped fluid and proteins occurs iii. A protein called bradykinin stimulates
Osmosis Lab. Aim: To investigate the effects of different solute concentrations on osmosis, calculate water potential, and plant cell plasmolysis.
Osmosis Lab Aim: To investigate the effects of different solute concentrations on osmosis, calculate water potential, and plant cell plasmolysis. Hypothesis: It is hypothesized that if in osmosis, water were moving out of the cell into higher concentrations then when the osmotic pressure increases the mass of the cells would shrink and decrease. I believe that the solutions with the higher amount of sucrose solutions will end up having the highest osmotic pressure along with the smallest mass meaning that the cells went through osmosis and shrunk the cells of the potato core. Variables: Independent/Experimental: Size of Potato Core Dependent: Change of Mass Controlled: Measuring Mass, Measuring Temperature Procedure: . Cut 4 potato cylinders with the cork borer for each solution that you will use, and then cut them evenly so that they all are 3 cm in length. Remove any potato skin. 2. Pour 100 mL of each sucrose solution that has already been prepared (water, 0.2M, 0.4M, 0.6M, 0.8M and 1.0M) in a cup and label it. 3. Add 4 potato cylinders to each solution cover it and let it stand overnight. 4. Tomorrow, remove the potato cylinders from each solution and blot them with paper towel. Data Collection and Processing: For the experiment, data was taken from six different samples. We cut six of the same size potato cores and measured the mass. After we measured the
