Investigating enzymes
Biology Report The effect that bromeline has on gelatines ability to coagulate Yasmin Kazemi Ahari Rasmussen 2.U Journal Investigating enzymes Aim: The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of the enzyme bromeline on gelatins ability to form a mass, and how temperature also can have an affect on this particular process. Hypothesis: It is expected that when the bromeline enzyme isn't present, that the gelatin will remain staying as gel, when dissolved in water. The untreated raw juice, would be the only result where the process would make it break down the proteins in the gelatin. Materials: Scissors, Beaker, Canned Pineapple, Raw pineapple, Pipettes, Labels, Tubes in holder, Buntson burners, Gelatin Method: . Two pieces of gelatin were cut into smaller pieces and thereafter heated in approximately 100 ml of water in a beaker using a Buntson burner. The process was done carefully, and with caution. 2. When all the gelatin was dissolved, the heat was turned off and the solution got time to cool down, approximately 5-10 minutes. 3. While waiting for the solution to get cooled down, the pineapple juice is made by cutting a fresh pineapple and blending the pineapple to result in having fresh pineapple juice. 4. When 5 ml of fresh juice was made, 2,5 ml was removed from the mix and boiled in a test tube for a few seconds. 5. The gelatin
Molecular Genetics: differentiating between various molecular databases
An Investigation into Molecular Genetics Differentiating between Various Molecular Databases This unit we looked at molecular genetics and their importance in human life. The experiment was mostly to find out how closely related two species are and how we can identify the differences. Using various protein sequences, we were able to compare and distinguish among various species. This report mainly focuses on relating four different species from the rodent family: Chinchilla, Guinea Pig, Crested porcupine and Hamster. Research question How are the four species; Chinchillas, Guinea Pigs, Crested porcupines, Hamsters of the rodent family related to each other? What are the similarities and differences among the four amino acid sequences and how can they be measured? To what extent are the four species different from each other? The independent variables of this experiment were the four species: Chinchilla (Chinchilla Brevicaudata), Guinea Pigs (Cavia Porcellus), crested Porcupine (Hystrix Cristata) and Hamsters (Cricetidae). The dependant variables of this experiment were the amino acid sequences of the four sequences. Using the database search capacities on internet, the entire amino acid sequences were found and later using the Fasta programming on internet, the four species were compared with each other. All the data was then collected in a table. The following are the
Cells - revision notes. All living things are made up of cells which have an outer boundary, nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles.
CELLS Cell Theory . All living things are made up of cells 2. Cells are the smallest unit of life 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells . All living things are made up of cells which have an outer boundary, nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles. However there are many exceptions to this rule. Eg: Muscle cells are multi nucleated, fungi have no cell membrane or cell wall, viruses behave like non-living entities, RBC's have no nucleus 2. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can show all the characteristics of a living organism. Its functions are carried out by organelles. Eg: mitochondria and chloroplasts are autonomous organelles and have their own DNA 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells by the process of cell division. In primitive organisms like amoebas, it occurs by binary fission while in higher organisms, it occurs by mitosis. The first cell however was formed by spontaneous generation. This bio-molecule should have been self-replicating like macromonial RNA UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS They carry out all the functions with the help of a single cell. The main functions of such cells are: . Response to change in environment 2. Homeostasis: maintenance and regulation of the internal environment 3. Metabolism: respiration, synthesis of ATP 4. Growth: increase in cell size and volume 5. Reproduction: asexual methods 6. Nutrition: synthesis of organic
The Temperature Preference of Woodlice
The Temperature Preference of Woodlice Zack Lindahl IB3b 2008-03-12 Aim The aim of this laboration was to see what temperature woodlice preferred in the range of 21°C-25°C. Hypothesis As woodlice burrow and prefer moist environment they are likely to prefer cool places over warm places, so they will probably seek away from the light. Variables Independent: Temperature. The temperature was changed via a heat lamp which warmed one end of the plastic box evenly. Dependant: The number of woodlice present in different temperature zones. Controlled: Moisture. Equally moist pieces of paper were placed evenly over the bottom of the box. Lighting. The lighting in the room was even and the box was placed in a location were there did not occur any major shady spots within it. The light of the heat lamp was filtered out by a piece of paper. Soil distribution. An even layer of soil was spread over the surface. Size of zones. The size of the 8 different zones was all measured to be 5 cm in width. List of materials 40x20 cm Plastic box Paper towels Heat lamp 8 Thermometers Procedure A plastic box that was large and shallow enough was selected and an infrared heat lamp was put on the short side. The area was divided into 8 zones of 5 cm width. A thermometer was placed within each zone. Moist paper towels were put into the box and a thin layer of soil was spread over
The transport system
BY: ZABIOULLAH FOKERBUX 6.2.1- Draw and label a diagram of the heart showing the four chambers, associated blood vessels, valves and the route of blood through the heart. 6.2.2- State that the coronary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients The coronary arteries form part of the aorta, which branch off to the semilunar valve. The role of the coronary arteries is to supply blood to the heart muscles with nutrients and oxygen (for aerobic cell respiration, providing energy for muscle contraction). 6.2.3- Explain the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood, pumping blood, and opening and closing of valves. The heart is split into four chambers: right and left atrium, and right and left ventricle. The atria are the collecting chambers (collecting blood from the veins at low pressure) and the ventricles are the pumping chambers (pumping blood at high pressure through the arteries to prevent backflow). There is a sequence of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscle in one heartbeat. The sequence starts when blood is returning to the heart at low pressure via the atria (from the pulmonary vein and vena cava, relaxation of the atria is called atrial diastole). Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium and deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are closed. As the blood fills in the atria, the
Effects of Temperature on Enzymes
Effect of temperature on enzymes DESIGN Aspect 1 - Defining the problem Investigate the effect of temperature on enzymes, by calculating the amount of gas produced in the reaction at different temperatures. Variables * Independent variable: temperature * Dependant variable: amount of gas produced * Variables not changed: amount of potato, pH, volume of H2O2, same time, type of potato and preparation of specimen. Aspect 2 - Controlling variables . Collect necessary equipment and materials. 2. Set up apparatus for the experiment as shown. 3. Weigh 2g of minced potato using a scale up 1/100 of a gram. 4. Put the potato in the conical flask and add 5cm3 of buffer solution at 70°C. Swirl gently to mix. Temperature must be stable while reaction is taking place. 5. Replace the bung in the flask, ensuring that it is at right seal. 6. Fill the burette with water and introduce into it the tube that comes from the flask bung. Invert carefully into the beaker that contains water. 7. Measure 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide into the syringe and connect it to the flask. The H202 has to be at the same temperature as the water in the container, if the water is at 70°C, the H2O2 ha to be at 70°C as well. 8. Inject the H2O2. Immediately, start counting time with a stopwatch and record measures of the level of water in the burette every 30 seconds. 9. Repeat the experiment but
Biology: Lab report Germination
Biology Lab Report Seed Germination By: John Abarshi (Figure One: Cress Seed Germination) Introduction This term, we embarked upon our first biology experiment. Recently, in class, we have been learning about plant reproduction. Amongst the vast amount of information pertaining to the topic of plant reproduction is germination. Germination is the process of sprouting, whereby seeds or spores sprout or emerge and begin to grow. [1] [2] When a seed is germinating, certain factors affect its germination. It was our task to come up with two variables that could influence seed germination and to investigate this. After much contemplation and consideration, I managed to pinprick what factors I would like to investigate. I will thus investigate if altering the light and temperature of the cress seeds' environment will affect the germination. Research Question How do light and temperature affect the germination of a cress seed? Hypothesis If cress seeds are placed in a dark environment, then their germination will be negatively affected compared to cress seeds grown in a normal light environment because seeds If cress seeds are placed in an environment with excessive exposure to light, then their germination will be positively affected compared to cress seeds grown in a normal light environment because seeds If cress seeds are placed in a cold environment, then their
Vocabulary for Biology exam
Vocabulary for Biology exam Topic G: Ecology and Conservation - Ecosystems and Biomes Biomagnifications: A process by which chemical substances become more concentrated at each tropic level. Biosphere: The living part of the Earth. Biomes: Divisions of the biosphere and is defined by its vegetation and community structure. It occurs because of global weather patterns and topography. Example: Desert, Grassland, Scrubland, temperate deciduous forests, tropical rainforest and tundra. Succession: The change in non-living and living factors in ecosystem overtime. Primary succession: When plants begin growing in a previously lifeless area (Example: new volcanic island). It begins with no life, no soil available, etc. Biomass: Total mass of dry organic matter at a particular tropic level of an ecosystem using this formula Gross production: The amount of energy (total) trapped in the organic matter (KJ per area per time) KJ/m2yr Net production = Gross production (GP) - respiration (R) Energy pyramid: Plants use energy from the sun and use photosynthesis to make glucose which stores the energy. Energy is passed from one organism to the next in the food chain and it lost at each level for maintance and through organic waste Niche concept: Where an organism lives, what and how it eats and its interactions with other species is its niche Spatial habitat: The area inhabited by
Effect of Nitrate Concentration on Plant Growth
Data Processing and Presentation: Results: Raw Data: Relationship Between Distilled Water and the Growth of Duckweed Distilled Water Beaker 1 Beaker2 Beaker 3 Beaker 4 Beaker 5 Beaker 6 Beaker 7 Beaker 8 Beaker 9 Beaker 10 Day 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Day 1 8 7 8 7 6 7 8 6 6 6 Day 2 0 6 2 6 7 7 1 8 1 8 Day 3 5 (1 grey) 6 (1 grey) 9 (2 grey) 9 (6 grey) 9 (3 grey) 9 (2 grey) 7 (3 grey) 7 (2 grey) 6 (1 grey) 8 (2 grey) Day 4 6 (2 grey) 5 (1 grey) 9 (3 grey) 8 (all grey) 9 (5 grey) 1 (2 grey) 8 (3 grey) 8 (4 grey) 7 (3 grey) 7 (6 grey) Day 5 6 (3 grey) 6 (2 grey) 8 (3 grey) 9 (7 grey) 9 (5 grey) 0 (4 grey) 8 (1 grey) 8 (5 grey) 6 (4 grey) 7 (6 grey) Day 6 7 (3 grey) 5 (5 grey) 27 (5 grey) 6 (6 grey) 9 (5 grey) 1 (7 grey) 21 (1 grey) 7 (7 grey) 25 (4 grey) 7 (7 grey) Day 7 9 (5 grey) 6 (6 grey) 9 (12 grey) 9 (9 grey) 0 (7 grey) 2 (9 grey) 24 (2 grey) 8 (8 grey) 25 (4 grey) 8 (8 grey) Day 8 7 (4 grey) 5 (5 grey) 8 (7 grey) 9 (9 grey) 0 (7 grey) 1 (9 grey) 20 (2 grey) 9 (9 grey) 26 (4 grey) 6 (6 grey) Day 9 25 (5 grey) 5 (5 grey) 30 (18 grey) 9 (9 grey) 2 (3 grey) 4 (10 grey) 32 (4 grey) 9 (4 grey) 34 (9 grey) 8 (6 grey) Day 10 9 (5 grey) 5 (5 grey) 28 (9 grey) 9 (11 grey) 1 (7 grey) 7 (4 grey) 32 (9 grey) 9 (9 grey) 28 (8 grey, with bug) 8 (6
The Use of Recombinant DNA Technology
The Use of Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA technology is the idea, which has been realized as well, to cut DNA with the help of restriction enzymes from two different sources and then join bits of the DNA with the help of DNA ligase back together, to get a use out of this recombined DNA. Recombinant DNA technology is closely linked to Genetic Modification. As there are three ways to use genetically modification, recombinant DNA technology deals with the idea to insert a foreign gene into a DNA of a host. The other two methods are to either alter an existing and active gene in the host DNA or to completely switch it of. The idea behind introducing different DNA into an already existing DNA is to get from the bacteria or organism a different effect. As certain sequences of the DNA, which are called genes code for certain proteins regulate the protein production of the host DNA. To realize this from the theory into real life the theory needs the use of recombinant DNA technology. Everything starts with the DNA and its sequences. As scientists have studied what certain proteins do, they followed the way back they came from. A protein is formed by amino acids, which mRNA is coding for. When now this mRNA is expressed again into DNA, the sequence of the DNA is identified, which codes in the beginning of the chain for the certain protein. This technique is used as well
