Examining the Solubility of Substances in Double Replacement Reactions (Final)
IB2 Chemistry HL 23/09/10 Solubility of Substances in Double Replacement Reactions Aim: The aim of this investigation is to perform various double replacement reactions with known substances and record the qualitative observations. Furthermore, writing the equations for the reactions and apply the rules of solubility to see if every color change equals to a precipitate. It is predicted that a solid will form only when there is a change in color. Plan: Materials: * ZnSO4 solution * BaCl2 solution * AgNO3 solution * Pb(NO3)2 solution * NaCl solution * NaBr solution * CuSO4 solution * NaI solution * Na2SO3 solution * Na2SO4 solution * Pipette * 45 test tubes * Test tube rack Procedure: Mix one drop of each of two solutions in different test tubes and recorded observations. Safety: During the experiment a protective coat and goggle must be worn to prevent contact with the chemicals. Results: This is a table showing the observations while mixing the solutions. Analysis: ZnSO4 - BaCl2 : Overall equation: ZnSO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + BaSO4(s) Net Ionic Equation: Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s) ZnSO4 - AgNO3 : Overall equation: ZnSO4(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Ag2SO4(s) Net Ionic Equation: 2Ag+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Ag2SO4(s) ZnSO4 - Pb(NO3)2 : Overall equation: ZnSO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + PbSO4(s) Net
Espuma a base de cscara de pia
Colegio CIEDI Monografía para obtener el título de Bachiller Académico Tema: Reemplazo del petróleo en la fabricación de la espuma por un compuesto biodegradable. Autor: Carlos Felipe Durán Bogotá D.C., 20 de Marzo de 2009 ¿Se justifica el reemplazo del uso del petróleo en la fabricación de espuma por un compuesto biodegradable, considerando los efectos ecológicos que se eliminan al reemplazo? La espuma se obtiene a través de la reacción de dos compuestos llamados isocianato y poliol. El primero aporta radicales NCO, mientras que el segundo aporta los OH para crear los poliuretanos, que después por el CO2 liberado se convierten en espumas. Este material es usado en diferentes áreas industriales y caseras, y es contaminante por ser derivado del petróleo, y porque el isocianato también tiene un nivel de toxicidad que llega a ser contaminante al medio ambiente y a los seres vivos de él. El objetivo principal es demostrar si es viable reemplazar el uso del petróleo en la producción de espuma por la cáscara de piña. Este último compuesto contiene lignina y hemicelulosa, la cual al tratarla libera grupos OH, que son los que se necesitan para que el isocianato reaccione y se obtenga el poliuretano. Los beneficios de utilizar la cáscara de piña es que se disminuiría el número de animales que son afectados por el petróleo, en especial los
Using Hess's law to calculate enthalpy change
Chemistry lab report (5) Using Hess law to calculate enthalpy change Aim: To calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction of: (MgSO4(s) + 7H2O MgSO4.7H2O(s) ) Hypothesis: The literature value according to research is -104 Kj/mol Variables: Dependant variable: The final temperature of the solution Independent variable: --------------------------------- Controlled variables: - Mass of water - Mass of magnesium sulphate anhydrous - Mass of MgSO4.7H20 Materials: ) Safety spectacles 2) 2 filter papers 3) Spatula 4) Digital balance 5) 2 polystyrene cups 6) Thermometer 7) Magnesium sulphate anhydrous 8) Magnesium sulphate-7- water 9) Distilled water 0) Measuring cylinder Procedure: Part A ) Weigh 3.01g of MgSO4 anhydrous to the nearest 0.01g on a filter paper, using the digital balance. 2) Weigh 45.00g of water to the nearest 0.01g into a polystyrene cup using the balance. 3) Measure the initial temperature of the measured amount of water using the thermometer and record this value. 4) Add the measured amount of MgSO4 anhydrous to the water and stir. Measure and record the maximum temperature obtained using the thermometer. Part B ) Weigh 6.16g of MgSO4.7H20 to the nearest 0.01g on a filter paper, using the digital balance. 2) Weigh 41.85g of water to the nearest 0.01g into a polystyrene cup using the balance. 3) Measure the initial temperature of
Indicator Lab Report - investigating acid-base reactions
Data Collection Uncertainties Apparatus Uncertainty Significance Burette ± 0.05cm3 Insignificant. This uncertainty is very small, and so it is negligible. Pipette ± 0.06cm3 Insignificant. This uncertainty is very small, and so it is negligible. pH Probe ± 0.005 Insignificant. This uncertainty is very small, and so it is negligible. Below is a table showing the change in pH as an increasing amount of a base is added to the acid, thus changing pH. pH was monitored using a pH probe and the data was interpreted using Logger Pro. The thicker line represents the equivalence point. The concentrations of all substances was 0.5 molar. The amount of acid being titrated has a volume of 20 in all experiments. pH Change with Volume: Titrating HCl with NaOH Volume of Base ±0.05cm3 pH ±0.005 0.0 .13 2.0 .15 4.0 .30 6.0 2.14 8.0 2.28 0.0 2.73 2.0 2.81 4.0 3.06 6.0 3.04 8.0 3.11 20.0 3.11 22.0 3.21 24.0 3.24 26.0 3.26 28.0 3.27 30.0 3.31 pH Change with Volume: Titrating CH3COOH with NaOH Volume of Base ±0.05cm3 pH ±0.005 0.0 2.95 2.0 4.34 4.0 4.7 6.0 5.56 8.0 1.91 0.0 2.56 2.0 2.74 4.0 2.85 6.0 2.89 8.0 2.94 20.0 2.98 22.0 3.02 pH Change with Volume: Titrating HCl with NH3 Volume of Base ±0.05cm3 pH ±0.005 0.0 .15 2.0 .1 4.0 .1 6.0 .12 8.0 .15 0.0 .19 2.0 .23 4.0 .27 6.0 .32 8.0 .37
IB chemistry revision notes
TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents 1 Atomic Theory 3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 3 Atomic Emission Spectra 3 Explanation for the Emission spectra 3 Subatomic Particles 4 Atomic Numbers 4 Mass Numbers 4 Isotopes 4 Calculating RAM by example - Lead (Pb) 4 Solutions 4 Periodicity 5 Elements 5 Physical Properties 5 Atomic and Ionic Radii in the Periodic Table 5 Electronegativity (Pauling's) 6 Electronegativity in the Periodic Table 6 Ionisation Energy 6 Successive Ionization Energies 7 Melting Points 7 Chemical Properties 8 Use of Standard Electrode Potentials 8 Test for Halide Ions 9 Trends across the Third Period 9 Bonding 9 Ionic Bonding 9 Covalent Bonding 10 V.S.E.P.R. Theory 11 Intermolecular forces 12 Metallic Bonding 13 Solubility 13 Transition Metals 13 States of Matter 14 Solids 14 Liquids 14 Gases 14 Endothermic Processes 14 Exothermic Processes 15 Diffusion 15 Kinetic Theory 15 Maxwell-Boltzmann Energy Distribution Curves 15 Energetics 16 Energy Profile of Reaction 16 Hess' Law 16 Enthalpies of Reactions 16 Entropy Change, 17 Kinetics 18 Rate of Reaction 18 Collision Theory 18 The Rate Determining Step 18 Catalysts 19 Equilibrium 19 Dynamic Equilibrium 19 The Equilibrium Constant 19 Le Chatelier's Principle 19 Factors Affecting the Position of Equilibrium 19 Catalysts 20 The Häber Process (Production of
pH titration curves Lab Report. How does the use of a strong acid with a strong base and the use of weak acid with a strong base affect the pH titration curves?
pH Titration Curves I. Introduction Research Question How does the use of a strong acid with a strong base and the use of weak acid with a strong base affect the pH titration curves? Hypothesis The titration of strong acids and strong bases reaches the neutralization point faster than the titration of weak acids with strong bases. Variables Independent Variable The use of different concentrations acidic solutions Dependent Variable The reach of the neutralization point between strong acids with strong bases and weak acids with strong bases. Controlled Variables - pH probe Lab quest pH probe will be used throughout the experiment. The use of different probes to collect the data needed can give different readings of the neutralization points. Thus, increase the percentage of error within the experiment. - Burette The same burette will be used when finding the neutralization points for both parts of the experiment. Thus, this can decrease the percentage of error and accuracy of reading the results within the experiment. - Type of base solution NaOH is a strong base solution. It will be used throughout the experiment for both parts. The use of different strong base solutions can result in different neutralization points. Hence, inaccurate results can be collected that would affect the pH titration curve. - pH indicator Phenolphthalein is a
To calculate the percentage composition of the mixture of Na2CO3 + NaHCO3
Chemistry lab report 4 Aim - To calculate the percentage composition of the mixture of Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 Procedure ) Weigh a perfectly dry crucible with properly fitted lid. 2) Weigh the crucible with 1 gram of the mixture. 3) Heat the crucible with a partially open lid for 10 minutes with low flame and gradually increase the flame. 4) Keep heating for 30 minutes. 5) Place the crucible to a dessicator. 6) Weigh the cooled crucible and note it down. Equipment used - ) Crucible 2) Weighing machine 3) Dessicator 4) Bunsen burner 5) Tripod stand 6) Lighter 7) The mixture Qualitative analysis - ) The cooling process was time consuming. 2) When the heating started, there were some fumes evolved. 3) In the middle of the process of heating some orange colour deposits could be seen in the tripod stand. 4) It was hard to keep the lid of the crucible partially open, as it was not balancing perfectly. 5) The crucible turned very hot, thus it was hard to place the crucible in the dessicator. 6) The vaseline wasn't very sticky, thus the lid of the dessicator wasn't very tight. 7) Once the crucible was placed inside the dessicator, it was difficult to keep the lid partially open as it was too hot to touch and one had to use holder. DATA COLLECTION Attempt Mass of the crucible + 0.001g Mass of the crucible + mixture + 0.001g Mass of the mixture + 0.002g
A Comparison of Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
A Comparison of Strong and Weak Acids and Bases DATA COLLECTION Qualitative Data Table 1.1: The lists of the solutions being used in this experiment and classifying if it is a strong acid or base or a weak acid or base. Solutions Classifications H2SO4(aq) Strong acid HCl(aq) Strong acid HNO3(aq) Strong acid CH3COOH(aq) Weak acid NaOH(aq) Strong base NH3(aq) Weak base H2O(l) Neutral Table 1.2: The appearance of the marble chip used and the magnesium ribbon. Object Appearances Marble chip Coarse, hard , and leaves white powder when held. Magnesium ribbon Shiny silver colour and ductile, i.e. can be bent without breaking it. Note: The chemical formula for marble chip is CaCO3(s) and for magnesium ribbon is Mg(s). Table 1.3: The observations upon reacting different solutions and concentrations of acid with the marble chips, CaCO3(s). Before marble chip is placed in acid solutions. During the reaction between marble chips and acid solutions After reaction has stopped All solutions were colourless As soon as marble chip were placed in the acid solution, bubbles of gas were seen*. Some of the reaction finishes faster than the others. The order in which in this reaction occurs can be seen in Table 1.4. For H2SO4(aq), reaction did occur slowly in the beginning. This reaction however stops. Table 1.4: The order in which the speed of reaction occurs
Isotonic drinks. We predict that Red Bull has the highest electrolyte concentration followed by Coca Cola, lucozade and finally fruit Juice
Aim To investigate which energy drink contains a higher concentration of electrolytes Background Knowledge Electrolytes are nutrients that affect the fluid balance in our bodies and are required for the nerves and muscles in our body to function. When electrolytes dissolve, they produce ions that carry electrons from one electrode to another. The more soluble a substances is, the stronger the electrolyte is. The main electrolytes needed by the body are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and sulphate. As an athlete exercises their body sweats to maintain its core temperature of 37 degrees centigrade. Thus as the body is loosing water through sweating, the athlete is essentially loosing electrolytes as these are contained in the water. If the athlete loses 2% of his body weight as sweat then they will suffer from impaired performance. A 10% loss results in circulatory collapse and heat stroke. So it is important that the athlete drinks something that will hydrate them and will replace lost electrolytes. Sodium and potassium are the most common electrolytes added to the ever-increasing variety of sports drinks. While electrolyte replacement may be beneficial during rigorous activity lasting longer than two hours, electrolyte infusion is generally not needed during short bursts of exercise. Since sweat is composed of 99% water and
Vescosity Test
Viscosity Test Planning (a) Aim To determine which of these: diethyl ether, Propionic acid, 1-butanol, and 1-hexanol are most viscous through an evaporation method. Hypothesis Propionic acid is going to be the most vicious because the stronger the intermolecular forces the more viscous. Its molecular formula is C3H602, the C is bonded to an OH and the C is also double bonded to an O. Therefore, there are strong intermolecular forces, like hydrogen bonds. Also the double bonded oxygen has a lone pair attracting the electropositive H creating a dipole moment. Selecting Variables The independent variable is the chemical and the dependant variable is the change in mass (g). The controlled variables are the volume (ml), the same door height of the fume cupboard, the time (s) interval and to the fix problems with density we are going to take the percentage of change in mass. Planning (b) Method . Use a Pertri dish (to support the filter paper) 2. Tare the scales 3. Find and record the mass of the filter paper. 4. Drop the chemical onto the filter paper. 1 ml of chemical 5. Record the mass of the filter paper at 10s and once at 25s 6. Subtract the mass of the filter paper from the mass recorded in the different times. 7. Find out the change in mass. 8. Calculate the difference in percentage. 9. Repeat steps 1 to 8 for all the chemicals: Diethyl Ether, propionic