Others
1920’s and 1930’s
The cost of living in Canada increased dramatically, and the soldiers hoped to get a good job after was due to all the sacrifices
The union movement declared that economy should benefit employers
Labour movement was called to have a voice and share of profit
Labour → group of unemployed workers
Labour Unrest
During labour unrest =, people wanted to unite all workers in a single union, thereby forming OMU (One big union), which wanted to win control of industry, and did things such as provoke strikes, etc.
Winnipeg General Strike:
Soldiers coming home weren’t getting better jobs, working conditions and pay. Workers wanted a union and collective bargaining.
Canada’s first general strike; strikers aimed to win the right to bargain with employers for better pay and working conditions
A general strike of all union members
**The boom in Old and New Industries
Economic boom → when economy improved a lot and countries started buying Canadian goods again
The cars because a lot cheaper after the war ended, and Windsor was called the “auto center of British empire”
Economic prosperity and new technological development created confidence in economy; and people bought stocks, causing stock market boom
Barriers for women
Women were still under represented in government
Women were still not considered persons, so they couldn’t hold non elected seats; they wouldn’t get same education standard as men
Exploited children
By 1929 children under 14 could not work
The “home children” are British orphans or poor kids who were sent to Canada to start a new life
Some were treated fairly, others were overworked, neglected, abused
United Farmers:
Government placed high tariffs on farm equipment, forcing farmers to pay more for their farm machinery. The united Farmers parties promoted social welfare measures, and fought to lower tariffs on farm equipment.
Progressive Party:
In 1920, the untied farm groups in Ontario and the Prairies formed a national political group. Since there was high progressive support, Prime Minister King introduced a number of progressive measures into parliament (old age pensions, lower tariffs on farm equipment).
Maritime Rights Movement:
Maritimes felt their provinces had limited power in confederation. Maritimers expressed their political discontent by voting against the federal governments in 1921, who ignored their interests.
The ‘Persons’ Case:
Emily Murphy was the first Canadian judge in the British Empire. Lawyers challenged her right to preside saying woman were not considered persons under the British North American Act. petitioned the supreme court whether the word ‘persons’ included woman court ruled that woman were not persons. The Alberta five went to the Privy Council in Britain which ruled that woman were ‘persons’ and therefore eligible for appointment to the senate.
Stock Market Crash (1929):
In September American stock market shares decreased, Canadian stock values feel as well. Worried investors panicked and sold their stocks, which caused stock values to drop even more. Wheat prices also continued to drop as well until the Winnipeg Grain Exchange suddenly collapsed. 5 days later New York, Toronto and Montréal stocks crashed as well. Many Canadians were financially ruined and Canadians were affected
Relief:
Public and Private Relief – churches and charitable organizations had soup kitchens to feed the hungry, shelter and clothing. A form of welfare pay was offered to the needy called relief or Dole. Going on the dole was considered as humiliating and disgraceful.
The communist Party:
The communist party gained more popularity during the depression, as Canadians turned to communism as the solution to hard times. Canadians believed the communist party was controlled by the Russian government and wanted to overthrow the Canadian government and way of life.
The CCF Party:
The CCF platform/manifesto influenced many aspects of Canadian life today. CCF ideas were adapted by the liberals and made into laws the Second World War. Leader in charge – J.S Woodsworth and platform – government provide healthcare for all, insurance for crops, accident, unemployment, old age pensions and family allowance.
Union Nationale:
A regional party formed in the 1930’s by Maurice Duplessis. Fought for rights of French Canadians. It forever changed the relationship between provincial and federal government and French and English Canadians in Québec. The party consistently urged French Canadians to defend their rights. Platform was to defend French language, religion and culture
World War Two:
League of Nations:
The League of Nations was founded in 1919 The leagues main purpose was to truly make the First World War the war to end all wars, by bringing world peace.
Was a failure
- The Manchurian Crisis Japan invaded then occupied the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931. The league asked Japan to withdraw from Manchuria, Japan ignored this request. The league also condemned Japanese action – and Japan withdrew from the league. When Japan ignored these requests it was clear the league had no power of its own.
- Invasion of Abyssinia (1935) Benito Mussolini built up forces along border and launched a full scale attack on Abyssinia. The league imposed a boycott against trade with Italy, but there was little world enthusiasm for this economic
The rise of Adolf Hitler:
Hitler came to power on a commitment to regain Germanys honour lost during the treaty of Versailles and re-gain lebensraum (living space)
Hitler favoured Anschluss
Fascism and Anti-Semitism:
Fascism is Political Ideology of Dictatorship. Originated by Benito Mussolini (Italian Dictator) in 1922.
New Technologies:
Airplanes extended the battle field to include more of enemy land
Long range bombers
Faster tanks
Blitzkrieg: surprise, speed and weigh of attack, using the tank and warplane. First the airforce would attack, bombing enemy positions and airfields; then heavy tanks would smash through the front.
German strategy also known as lightning war. A fast attack on many countries in Eastern Europe. In April 1940 Germany attacked Norway, Denmark and in may – Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg. Germany troops then marched into France, followed by Greece and Yugoslavia in 1941.
Operation Overload: D-day the invasion of Normandy:
On June 6th 1944 the great allied invasion of Germany-held Europe began.
Would use naval and aerial bombardments to knock out German tanks, gun batteries and air bases – thus landing at Normandy Beach. Americans attacked the west as Britain and Canada landed in the east.
Role of Woman during WW2:
Woman branches or army air forces and navy created
Cooks, nurses, merchants, welders, radar operators.
Role on home fronts:
Replaced jobs men who went overseas did
Worked in factories and industries
Women volunteering, raised money for victory bonds
National Selective Service
Conscription crisis:
King promised he would have conscription like in world war one there was. But then when casualties increased more soldiers were needed. Ordered new minister to find the overseas volunteers from the National resource mobilization act troops. Kings government arthorized the army to order 16 000 home defence soldiers to the battle fields
Internment Camps: where aliens and dangers to the state (people wise) were detained
Nazism and Hitler
When Hitler moves in to Czechoslovakia its clear that he is not only doing this for anschlism.
Breaks the Soviet Pact
Hitlers final Solution:
For the millions of Jews captured and in concentration camps, gas them
End of WW2: (May 8th 1945)
When the last German troop surrendered
Cold war:
Cold war is the contest for international advantage between United States and Soviet Union and their allies; conducted by diplomacy, economic measures, and propaganda rather than by military means.
Suez Crisis:
– Cold war crisis. In middle east, where President Nasser of Egypt seized the Suez canal. British and France joined Israel to regain control of the Suez Canal. Lester B. Person suggested forming a United Nations Emergency force that would keep combat apart while a settlement was worked out. His idea was a success and he was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.
NATO:
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Defence alliance that express purpose of discouraging soviet expansion into Western Europe.
NATO members r USA, Britain, France Canada
NORAD:
North American Air defence System
Created to protect against soviet expansion into western Europe
The Cuban Missile Crisis:
October 1962 – Soviet Union had placed missile in Cuba, brought tension to NATO countries.
Americans sought support for forces on alert, but John Diefenbaker – Canadian prime minister was very slow to respond
United Nations:
Successor of League of Nations, created by 50 countries including Soviet Union, USA, Canada, Britain. All major powers became members of United Nations. Peacekeeping
Social Security:
People wanted social security like they received during the depression, so government of Canada in 1950’s introduced a number of social security measures which drastically improved the health of Canadians.
Total war: Warfare where all of a country's available resources, military as well as civilian, are employed
Rhineland: Rhineland is a former provincial electoral division in the province of . It was created by redistribution in 1892, and eliminated in 1914, when it merged into the new riding of . It was re-established in 1949, and eliminated again in 1989. As its name implies, Rhineland was home to several settlers, many of whom were . It is named after the region of Germany
Suburbia: Suburbs
Marshall Plan: The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the large-scale economic program, 1947–51, of the for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe
Common Wealth of Nations: The Commonwealth of Nations, normally referred to as the Commonwealth and formerly known as the British Commonwealth, is an of independent . All but two ( and ) of these countries were formerly part of the .
