The history of Brazil.

Caroline Kohorst Pollard IB History- D 0 September 2007 The contrasts between both the Brazil and United States slave institutions during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries illustrate the concept of Brazil maintaining a more benevolent slave system than the United States. Brazil's economics were preserved and somewhat dependent upon the slavery, while the United States's economics were just enhanced through the slavery system. Thus explaining that the Brazilians could not maintain any type of economy without slavery. A large aspect of Brazilian slavery that differentiated itself from that of the United States was the slave's ability to attain freedom more easily, a system that was traitorous in the southern United States. Included with the slaves right to be released from the owner, there was not the outright racism in Brazil that was present in the United States. Another main difference is Brazil's ownership by Great Britain, and therefore Brazil was forced to abide by Great Britain's laws against slavery. The United States, in comparison, a sovereign nation, could only force itself out of slavery, and therefore had no economic incentive to ban slavery. Therefore, with the comparison between Brazil and the United States, one may see that the slavery system implemented in Brazil during the 18th and 19th centuries were somewhat tranquil when compared to that of the

  • Word count: 1261
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Why were the central powers defeated in the First World War

Why were the Central Powers defeated in the First World War? To begin with the central powers that fought together in the First World War were Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire. The First World War was mainly a battle between the triple alliance which consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy against the triple entente which had Britain, France, and Russia. World War one was mostly a battle of trench warfare and a war at sea. A reason for the defeat of the central powers was mainly the failure of the Schlieffen plan. The Schlieffen plan was simple but risky. The idea was to send German forces through Belgium and to quickly knock France out of the war. The theory was that Russia would take a long time to mobilise. It was considered as an all-or-nothing gamble. The Germans had to try to get to Paris and defeat France within six weeks, so that they could then send all their troops to fight against Russia. At first, it looked as though the Germans could succeed. The German army invaded Belgium on 4th of august. The Belgians put up a heroic resistance from their frontier forts but it did not stop the crushing German advance. The Germans were moving towards the French border. However the Belgian resistance gave time for British and French tropps to mobilise. After that the British expeditionary force, led by Sir John French, landed in France and

  • Word count: 2043
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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IB Historical Investigation

Historical Investigation Alliance for Progress in Colombia Yuan (Julie) Gu Mr. Engel Fifth Period PLAN OF INVESTIGATION The aim of the research was to prove that the Alliance for Progress established by President John F. Kennedy was able to successfully implement economic and social reforms in Colombia which allowed the nation to avoid the installment of a Communist regime. This foreign aid program was primarily launched in Colombia to improve the overall condition of the country which could be beneficial in resisting Communism. I am planning to compare the economy of Colombia before and after the formation of the Alliance for Progress by analyzing the information from Foreign Aid as Foreign Policy. This investigation also involved exploring the specific reforms applied to Colombia which can be found in Democracy in Colombia. Furthermore, I will be examining the political upheavals in Colombia and how the reforms were able to assist in defeating the Communist rebels by studying the events recorded in The Colombian Civil War. SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE Problems in Colombia before the Alliance for Progress Colombia had gained a depressing status of having economic instabilities with eight consecutive civil unrests occurred during the 1800s.1 President of the United States John F. Kennedy implemented the Alliance for Progress in hope of controlling the spread of Communism from

  • Word count: 1579
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Revolutions and New Government

Unit 2: Revolutions and New Government Essay Test Mat Laffitte History per 4 - Mahony January 10, 2007 Prompt: "The American Revolution and the Latin American Wars of Independence have absolutely nothing in common." Discuss. In 1776 North Americans in search of freedom, liberty, and justice announced their independence from British rule. This is known as the American Revolution. Nearly thirty years later their neighboring countries in South America took after them in a series of revolts from Spanish rule. This is known as the Latin American Wars of Independence. Although they occurred in different centuries, the battles for independence were generally advocated in the same sequence - A spread of knowledge throughout the nation leading to reform. When observing three major causes for revolution - social, economic, and intellectual aspects, it can be concluded that the Latin American Wars of Independence and the American Revolution did in fact occur for many similar reasons. The colonists of North America and Latin Americans worked towards independence due to inspiration from European ideas, a growing sense of nationalism, and a large poverty gap between the rich and poor due to economic oppression. The spread of Enlightenment ideas, through an enhanced education system and the printing press, brought up questions of equality for both situations. The Enlightenment

  • Word count: 1249
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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How far do you agree with the view that the peninsular war played the prime role in Napoleons downfall?

How far do you agree with the view that the peninsular war played the prime role in Napoleon's downfall? The peninsular war which began in 1808 and ended in 1814 was a war between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal. The war was provoked by Napoleon's invasion of Portugal in 1807 and by the subsequent French capture of Madrid in March 1808. The war which led to Napoleon's abdication has led to so much controversy as to whether or not it played the prime role in Napoleon's downfall. Historians such as Brendan Simms see the Russian campaign as the turning point that destroyed the Grande Armee and this view is supported to differing extents by other historians such as Jean Tulard. However, Napoleon saw the start of his downfall as being what he described as the 'Spanish ulcer'. The peninsular war played a prime role in Napoleon's downfall as it is where Napoleon is seen making a lot of mistakes and bad decisions that affected his chances of winning the war. The first of these was his decision to leave Spain in the hands of marshals at the beginning of 1809 when he was facing trouble from the Austrian army. Napoleon's decision to divert experienced troops from Spain to fight in Austria and then in Russia weakened his chances in Spain. Napoleon had to fight a war on both the western and eastern front. No matter how great a general Napoleon

  • Word count: 925
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Revision notes on Liberalism -philosophy, politics and history

Chapter 3 Notes: Values of Liberalism Classical Liberalism ? Individualism ? Respect for rights and freedoms ? Private ownership ? Natural rights; life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness - this goes beyond the type of government' rights and freedoms ? The government holds onto the power that is bestowed by the people ? Citizens have the right to revolt if that power or trust is violated ? Equality of opportunity ? Capitalism ? John Locke Contemporary Liberalism (modern) ? Can sometimes be confused with the present day Liberal political party ? Will accept greater levels of state interventions if it promotes if they perceive it would promote justice and liberty for the greater good of its citizens ? Grew out of classical liberalism but with more slant towards the rights of minorities ? A certain standard of living should be attainable for the greatest number of the population. This is why liberalism today will accept social welfare. ? Tolerance Can vary according to the issue being addressed - moves more towards the social democratic philosophies ? Socially they want greater levels of freedom and personal choice(abortion, same-sex marriage, gun controls) but will accept more government intervention in politics and economics ? John Stuart Mill ? More inclined to favour humanitarianism, environmental issues Classical Liberalism (Big L) (19th

  • Word count: 831
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Gender Equality in the Military

To what extent did the women of the WASP experience equality while they were serving? A. Plan of Investigation With many of the male pilots helping to ferry and test planes, there was a low amount men actually flying combat in the war effort during the Second World War. Since somebody had to test and transport the planes that would be used in combat overseas, Jacqueline Cochran started the Women Airforce Service Pilots who would eventually fly every kind of mission that the Air Force had except for combat. This paper will investigate the extent of equality, or lack there of, that women experienced and the cause of any discrimination while involved in the WASP. The equality between men and women in the military during WWII will be thoroughly analyzed using primary sources such as memoirs and previously recorded interviews. The majority of historical documents will be left unexamined because it was not until 1977 that the government released documents about the WASP which may cause some inaccuracies. B. Summary of Evidence Gender Roles Before and at the Start of World War II Before the war, it was up to women to take care of the house and children.1 Women's involvement in the workforce became necessary when the United States Declared war on December 8, 1941.2 Because 10 million men were at war and the rest were working to support the war3 women were needed to help

  • Word count: 2839
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Origins of WWI. Throughout The Origins of World War One, Dr Gary Sheffield examines the origins of the conflict.

The Origins of World War One Throughout "The Origins of World War One", Dr Gary Sheffield examines the origins of the conflict. Moves were made in the past to reflect a popular opinion: that issues were not worth the ensuing bloodbath. Now, however, most scholars do not agree and go as far as blaming Germany for planning and waging a deliberate war of aggression. "Europe was divided into two armed camps: the Entente Powers and the Central Powers" During the reign of Kaisser Wilhelm II, Germany move from a small into an aggressive stance. Germany wished to surpass all other countries, as Britain was the leading power at the time with the largest amount of land covered and owned. Germany however, was quite conscious of this and therefore wanted to overtaken Britain. Europe was split into two sides, the Triple Entente and the Central Powers. In the Summer of 1914, Germany was already filling to risk a full scale war. Despite a war with Russia, Germany continued to order the blank cheque; this way, she would be able to break up the Entente. The most dramatic of interpretations however, relate to how Germany had already been planning an aggressive war since December 1912 (Kaiser). Although controversial, the bellicosity of Wilhelm is clear and the actual outbreak of the war is remarkable. As Germany made her way to the top a month into the war, she became "power hungry". "In

  • Word count: 603
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Compare and contrast the differences in the treatment of indigenous people in the British and Spanish colonies.

In my presentation I'm going to compare and contrast the differences in the treatment of indigenous people in the British and Spanish colonies. (click) First are goals and motives on why they wanted to find and conquer new lands. For Spanish, it was late 1400's and they had just unified Spain and won the war against the Muslims. During peace time, the Spanish did not have much to do so they want expand Spain's power and control, spread Christianity and find gold, trade routes, and new land. The Spaniards wanted to find as much gold and profitable resources as they can so they will be rich and the mother country would award them high social status and titles. The Spaniard's biggest goal besides the getting all the gold and glory was the conversion of the natives from their Indian religion to Christianity. (click) While on one hand, the Spanish was trying very hard to convert the natives and explore new land, the British had some close, but different goals. They did not care weather or not the natives convert to Christianity, they went to explore new land for their own selfish goals. They wanted to settle in the new world, create their communities, find gold, and gain power. (click) Now I'm going to talk about the treatment of the indigenous people. In the beginning, the Spanish killed many natives in Spanish America, like what they did to the Aztecs and Incas.

  • Word count: 1294
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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What military impacts did Canada play in World War II?

What military impacts did Canada play in World War II? IB Internal Assessment D-Day, Juno Beach. North Nova Scotia Highlanders going ashore from L.C.I.(L.) 118. A. Plan of Investigation Usually ignored on the world's map as a major powerhouse, Canada actually played a very important goal in the military progress of World War II, such as the Allied invasion of Italy and the Battle of Normandy. 1.1 million Canadians served in the armed forces during this war, and thousands more serve in the navy, with the casualty reading 45,000 dead and 55,000 wounded. By the end of the war, Canada has temporarily become a noteworthy military power; however, it is still being disregarded by the Big Three. The investigation attempts to correct this incorrect assumption and explore Canada's vast contribution to World War II as well as its significance, using both primary and secondary sources, such as Defining Canada: History, Identity, and Culture, a textbook by Nick Brune and associates, or Morton Desmond's A Military History of Canada. B. Summary of Evidence Prior to war, Canada expected that its primary contribution would be the production of war supplies rather than the mobilizations of armed forces. However, as France fell and Italy sided with Germany, Canada was forced entered the war and became the next strongest nation to Britain. Canada declared war on Germany on September 10,

  • Word count: 1651
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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