Notes on the History and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict

516 Ottomans rule over Palestine, lasts until 1918 882 Beginning of Jewish immigration to Palestine (first Aliyah) 897 First Zionist Conference in Basil 915 Oct-Nov McMahon-Hussein correspondence 916 May Sykes-Picot Agreement 917 November Balfour Declaration 921 Haganah formed 922 July League of Nations ratifies British Mandate of Palestine 937 July Peel Commission Report 942 May Zionist Conference at Biltmore Hotel, NYC 945 March Arab Leaugue founded in Cairo 946 July 22 British headquarters in King David Hotel, Jerusalem, are bombed 947 November 29 UN General Assembly approves the partition of Palestine December Arab-Jewish war breaks out in Palestine 948 May Plan D implemented by Israel 4 Proclamation of the state of Israel 5 First Arab-Israeli War begins 28 Jordanian Arab Legion had occupied East Jerusalem and the West Bank June 1 UN truce, Israel now has 1/3 of partition territory July 1 War resumes 949 Jan-July Armistice agreements reached between Israel and Arab states December UN resolution 303 calls for the internationalisation of Jerusalem 950 Jordan annexes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip comes under Egyptian control March Knesset passes the Absentee Property Law. July Knesset passes the Law of Return 951 Knesset passes the National Law which gave Israeli-Arabs freedoms (in theory) July King

  • Word count: 25485
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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IB History HL, Extended Notes: Russia, the Tsars, the Provisional Govenment and the Revolution.

Tsarist Russia Alexander II 1818-1881 Background . Mosse “the best-prepared heir apparent ever to ascend the Russian throne” 2. Had been prepared for Tsardom. Education included Russian and world history, natural sciences, and languages (Russian, German, Polish, and English). 3. Concluded with a 7 month tour of 30 provinces because the first member of the royal family to visit Siberia during this 4. When he returned he was given some responsible posts and was made Nicholas I’s deputy during his absence (had experience). Personality . Had a sound and practical mind combined with a sense of duty to improve the well-being of his people. Recognized the need to modernize serfs, economy, army 2. Raleigh “He would be a wonderful sovereign in a well-organized country and in a time of peace…but he lacks the temperament of a reformer.” “Too kind, too pure, to understand people and to rule them.” 3. Was his father’s son in other respects, firm conservative and devoted to upholding autocratic government. Refused to consider a constitution for 25 years. 4. “The people see their monarch as God’s envoy…inseparable for their personal dependency on me…to forgo it would be to damage the nation’s prestige” Forces of change . Alexander had no sympathy for radical or liberal ideas but recognized that improvements were necessary if he wanted to maintain

  • Word count: 20348
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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The North, The South, and Slavery

Chapter 11 Outline The Developing North Northeastern Industry Transportation and Communications Cities and Immigrants The Rise of Nativism Labor in the Northeast Wealth and Mobility Women and the Cult of Domesticity Northeastern Agriculture The Old Northwest The Expanding South The Rise of King Cotton Plantation Society The Southern Lady The Plain Folk The Peculiar Institution Varieties of Slavery The Slave Trade Slave Resistance Slave Religion and the Black Family I. The North and South- Diverging Societies a. Mid-19th Century Americans believed that USA was a nation that was specially recognized by God and would serve as a model for the rest of the World b. USA just a decentralized confederation of states, many having little in common with one another c. States remained together because the union was loose and the central authority of the nation was weak and the differences often didn't have to be confronted d. USA began to move toward greater national unity and encountered great obstacles i. Sectionalism threatened to tear country apart ii. Sectionalism was not new, but dated back to NE, Mid-A and S in colonial times e. 1840s and 50s- Sectionalism changed in nature and intensities- 4 distinct regions i. NE- growing industry, commerce, and population density ii. NW- agriculture iii. SE- plantation system- some decline in economic fortunes iv.

  • Word count: 9442
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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The cold war - the conferences and the start of the cCold War

The Cold War The Yalta Conference - Introduction: by February 1945, it was clear that Hitler was going to be defeated. It also seemed that it would take longer to defeat Japan. One of the key American aims at Yalta was to get a Soviet commitment to enter the war against Japan. This puts Stalin in a strong bargaining position. Yalta is in the Crimea and both Churchill and Roosevelt travel to Yalta for the conference, Stalin was the host. It was clear even at Yalta that Roosevelt's health was weak. The second front had been opened by the British Americans and others in June 1944, the second front which Stalin had been calling for, for so long. Therefore, the most important question facing the personalities of Yalta was the future of Germany. The Yalta Conference lasts only for one week; February 4 - 11 - Decisions taken at Yalta; ) Stalin agreed that once Germany surrendered after 90 days, the Soviet Union would declare war upon Japan. As a precondition, Stalin wanted Mongolian independence from China and a recognition of Soviet interests on the Manchurian railway and at Port Arthur 2) These terms were agreed without China even being consulted. Roosevelt was also hoping that when it was formed, the United Nations could deal with this problem 3) Clearly, the biggest problem facing the Big Three was the future of Germany; a. Germany would be divided into four zones and

  • Word count: 8518
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Italian Unification Revision Notes. Italian Politics in 1815

Italian Politics in 1815 The Liberals They were generally non-violent, and were against absolute monarchy and a republican democracy. They favoured constitutional monarchy. The Radicals They wanted social reforms and a fairer distribution of wealth. They were prepared to use violence. Many of them were members of revolutionary secret societies and believed that political power should lie with the people, not with a parliament unless it were elected by all men ad not just property owners. Nationalists They believed that people of the same race, language, culture and tradition should be united in an independent nation of their own. Many nationalists went further demanding a republic. Liberals and radicals supported nationalism and unification as the way forward for Italy. Metternich's view of Italy He adopted an entirely negative stance as these views would undermine Austrian control of Italy. He saw the need to maintain the Italian jigsaw of separate states rules by absolute monarchs. Secret societies played an important part in the revolutions in 1820. These societies are thought to be developed from 18th century freemasonry where men formed themselves into groups pledged to mutual protection with secret passwords and semi-religious rituals. In the 1790s similar groups whose main purpose was to drive out the French had sprung up all over Italy. After 1815 their aims

  • Word count: 7968
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Sir Wiliam Wallace

Sir William Wallace of Elerslie, hero of Scotland and true patriot, his desire for peace and freedom united the clans, gained the loyalty of the people, struck fear into his enemies and defied the cruel hand of an evil, waring and invading King - Edward 'Longshanks' Plantagenet I of England. Early death and internal disputes in those days were common place. Alexander III (1249-1286) was at logger-heads with Edward the Longshanks, and was forging a relationship with the King of Norway Erik II in order to keep the peace. Alexander's wife Margaret had three children, so it seemd the heir to his throne would be his eldest son also named Alexander. Unfortunately for this royal family lady luck had finally turned her head. Margaret died in 1275 at the age of 35, her eldest son Alexander (the heir) died in 1284. His brother David had passed away three years earlier and only two years after the death of young Alexander he was swiftly followed by Alexander III's daughter who had been married to Eric II King of Norway in 1281, obviously in an attempt to create a bond and subsequently peace. When Alexander heard of his daughter's death in Norway, he realised that he had no heir and announced that he had to get married - and quickly. He married Yolande, daughter of the Count of Dreux in 1284. However in 1286 after a rather routine council meeting in Edinburgh Castle, and probably

  • Word count: 7703
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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To what extent were economic conditions the predominant factor in the proliferation and manifestation of Nationalsocialist ideology in post World War I Germany?

Lukas Schmelter To what extent were economic conditions the predominant factor in the proliferation and manifestation of Nationalsocialist ideology in post-World War I Germany? Word Count: 6813 The process of Germany’s degeneration from an extensively progressive and acculturated society, infused with a fundamental Christian morality, and propelled by an impetus of modernity and advancement, to a totalitarian regime of visceral quality, characterized by ruthless authoritarianism, is of intricate nature as well as profound historical significance. As the product of a precarious combination of interrelated factors, the manifestation of National Socialist ideology in post-World War I Germany, as well as the ensuing conflict of unprecedented proportion, persists as the defining moment of the 20th Century, substantially influencing the developments of human history even beyond its own calamitous ruin. Conventional historic analyses attempting to discern the key elements that enabled the ascent of Nazism frequently identify the immense personal charisma of Adolf Hitler and his effective implementation of demagogy as the main contributory factor. Although Hitler certainly distinguished himself as a talented man of political rhetoric, his success was to a large extent the product of developments beyond his own control. It was his ability to exploit circumstances for his own

  • Word count: 6961
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon - revision notes

Enlightment -> European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th century. * Ideas concerning: God, reason, nature, man. Those ideas were simplified into worldview, that investigated revolutionary development (art, philosophy, politics) * Use and celebration of reason, reason was regarded as a power * Possibility of human progress, improvement. * Men wanted to be useful citizens; key words: knowledge, freedom, happiness. Enlightment beliefs: * The rule of law * Welfare (dobrobyt) and the general good * Progress * Efficient administration * Better education, poorhouses, founding of orphanages (sierocince), emancipation of serfs * Toleration and free press * Abolition of torture and persecution (przesladowanie), humanitarianism * Abolition of privilege (immunitet) for some estates Enlightment in France (before the Revolution of 1789): * More serfs before the revolution were free * French philosophers -> literary man, scientists and thinkers of the 18th century France, they were united in spite of divergent (rozbiezny) personal views. * They expressed support for social, political and economic forces; they believed in their enormous abilities. * Scientific achievements and inventions made a revolution, they were listed in ENCYCLOPEDIA -> the great work of the Enlightment, it was published in 28 volumes, from 1751 to 1780. Its editors: Denis Diderot

  • Word count: 6958
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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How Successful was the Dayton Peace Agreement in Bringing Sustainable Governance to Bosnia and Herzegovina Between 1995 1998?

Extended Essay: How Successful was the Dayton Peace Agreement in Bringing Sustainable Governance to Bosnia and Herzegovina Between 1995 - 1998? Candidate Name: Ismar Hota Candidate Number: 000213-015 International School of Kenya Word Count: 3836 Supervisor: Sue Giddings Table of contents: Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Democratization 5 Sovereignty of the state 7 Multi-Ethnic Policies 9 Human Rights in Bosnia 13 Impacts on civil society 15 Conclusion 16 Works Cited 17 Appendix 1 25 Appendix 2 26 Abstract: The topic of this extended essay is how successful was the Dayton peace agreement in bringing sustainable governance to Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1995 - 1998. In order to judge success a thorough research was conducted that included 21 sources in total; 9 primary and 12 secondary. When researching for this topic I have found a wide range of sources which allowed me to choose the best information possible, in order to judge the success. Reports from the High Representatives and the analysis by David Chandler, Faking Democracy in particular were the sources that gave detailed explanations that allowed for answering this question. The main aims that the Dayton provided for the state of Bosnia were ending of the Ethnic conflict, set up democratic government and protection of Human rights which provided a steady return of the Bosnian refugees. The Dayton

  • Word count: 6808
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Constitution and New Government

Chapter 6 Outline I. Chapter 6- The Constitution and the New Republic a. Late 1780s- Most Americans dissatisfied with the Confederation i. Factiousness and instability ii. Unable to affectively deal with economic problems 1. Frightening powerlessness in Shay's Rebellion iii. Government has no authority over rebellions, states can't deal with them alone b. Earlier, Americans deliberately avoided creating strong central Gvn't (interfere w/ state sovereignty) i. 1787, Nation created a written constitution & a gvrnt consisted of 3 separate branches 1. Derived most of its principles from state documents 2. Remarkable in its own right a. Survive 4 over 2 cent's as 1 of the stablest & successful n the World 3. 2 Americans, Const. took on some characteristics of a sacred document 4. Later generations thought of writers like 'gods' a. Provisions were a 'fundamental law' from which all policies, principles, and solutions must spring c. Constitution did not complete Republic creation i. Defined terms for which debate on government would continue ii. Agreed that it was nearly perfect, but disagreed on what it meant . Some- founders encouraged federal government to exercise broad powers beyond what was written "Implied powers" 2. Others-Designed to limit government to 'expressed powers' a. All other authority would be at state

  • Word count: 6312
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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