Index of Refraction lab
Index of Refraction The aim of the experiment is to find the index of refraction, n , of the plexiglass. This would be done by passing a ray of light at the plexiglass, at a certain angle, and then recording the angle at which it refracts back into the air. The angle incident to the plexiglass and the refracted angle would be measured by the graph paper that would be placed beneath the plexiglass. When light enters a more optically dense medium, the ray bends toward the normal to the surface inside the medium. This is true for all angles greater than zero. However when the light enters a less optically dense medium, the refracted ray bends away from normal. To find the index of refraction of plexiglass, n, the graph of the angle of incident ray and the refracted ray could be made and then the slope could be found. The slope represents the index of refraction of plexiglass because the index of refraction of air is 1.00. The independent variable in this lab is the angle of the incident ray, the responding is the angle of the refracted ray. The controlled variable include - the intensity of the ray, the position of the plexiglass, and the apparatus. To control the intensity of the ray, use the same type of material. The Plexiglass should be kept at the center of the graph paper nas the apparatus was kept constant by using them again . The materials that would be
Circular motion lab
Physics Lab - Circular Motion Candidate Name: Date: Candidate No.: Lab Number: Subject Level: Physics SL Teacher's Sign: Aim of Experiment: To verify the circular motion theory through data analysis and plotting relevant data graphs, thus obtaining at a value for the acceleration due to gravity. Apparatus used: ) String 2) Metal bob 3) Weighing scale (Least Count - ±0.01 gm) 4) Ruler (Least Count = , 0.05 cm) 5) Weights of different weights (Least Count = ±0.01 gm) Hypothesis: The acceleration of gravity has been proven to be equal to the ratio of: ) Mass of bob × 4? × radius of the bob 2) Time × mass of larger body This gives us the formula: g = 4×?×r×m ÷ t×M. Thus using this formula, and by the process of data collection and processing, we can prove that the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth is the same as the considered value of approximately 9.8 ms-2 . Procedure: > A metal bob is tied to an inelastic string. > The string is then held while the bob is rotated in a horizontal circular motion. > The time taken for 20 revolutions is recorded using a stopwatch. > The radius of the arc is then changed, and readings for the time are taken again. > The procedure is repeated for 10 different radii (lengths of string) and 5 readings for the time are taken for each radius. > The data is then used to find
Investigating the friction created on different surfaces. Factors that affect range of catapult
How is the range of a catapult affected by the change in the surface used to slide a 236 g box on a cement floor? A catapult is a mechanical device that can be used to throw or hurl different objects to a great distance depending on the amount of force used. In this test a catapult is used to push a box on a cement floor and the aim is to test one factor that affects the range. For this purpose a catapult model shown in Figure 1 is used together with a 236 gram box with four rectangular shaped sides where each side has a different surface. By alternatively exposing different sides of the box (thereby different surfaces) to the cement floor and by measuring the distance that the box slides on each side when receiving a push from the catapult, it is possible to study how different surfaces affect the range of the catapult. Glass, wood, sandy, fabric are the different surfaces that the box has on its four sides. Figure 1. Type of catapult used Independent variable: - the type of surface exposed to the cement floor Dependent variable: - range of the catapult Controlled variable: - the type and number of rubber bands used, the distance that the catapult is pulled (force used), mass of the box, the type of catapult used, testing ground , humidity Material:- a catapult, rubber bands, tape, a box with four different surfaces , measuring meter, notebook, pen Method:- . The
strength of an uncooked spaghetti
LAB REPORT 18 - STRENGTH OF UNCOOKED SPAGHETTI An investigation of a certain factor which affects the strength of uncooked spaghetti. DESIGN Aim: To investigate and determine the relationship between the length of uncooked spaghetti and the load applied to it reaching its [uncooked spaghetti's] breaking point. General background: Regular wheat pastas i.e. pastas that need cooking for consumption can be made simply by mixing wheat flour with water, then extruding into pasta shapes and drying. The resulting pasta has good strength, with good cooked firmness and low cooking losses. The strength of an object can be affected by various factors, such as: size, mass, temperature and many more. However, when it comes to the case of uncooked spaghetti, there are two main factors which affect the strength of uncooked spaghetti. These are: the length of uncooked spaghetti and the cross-sectional area of uncooked spaghetti. In this experiment, I will investigate the effect the length of uncooked spaghetti has on its strength. Hypothesis: I predict that the longest piece of uncooked spaghetti will be more fragile and brittle compared to the shorter pieces of uncooked spaghetti. This means that the length of uncooked spaghetti will be inversely proportional to its strength i.e. the shorter the piece of uncooked spaghetti the stronger it would be and vice - versa. Independent
Pendulum Motion
Physics Design Lab Pendulum Motion PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between the period of a pendulum and various factors, assessed individually, which are the mass of the pendulum, length of the attached string, and angle of release. THEORY AND HYPOTHESIS: Many factors affect the swinging motion of a pendulum. My design lab intends to reach a conclusion on the factors that do, and do not, affect the motion of a pendulum. I hypothesize that the mass of the pendulum will not affect the period because the acceleration of gravity is the same for all masses on Earth. The length of the string will affect the period because it affects the distance that the pendulum travels. The angle of release should also affect the period because it also changes the distance the pendulum travels in a period. MATERIALS: * ruler * string cotton * pen * masking tape * ring stand * ring clamp * weights (15g, 20g, 60g, 100g, 200g, 500g) * centigram balance * protractor * stopwatch PROCEDURE: Part 1 - Set-up . Gather all materials. 2. Tidy and clean lab table. Part 2- Mass . Attach ring clamp to ring stand. 2. Cut a piece of string noticeably longer than 30cm. 3. Tie the 15g weight to the string. 4. Adjust the string such that the weight is 30cm from the ring. 5. Secure string to the ring clamp with tape and hand. 6. Make sure the pendulum is horizontal (180 degrees to
Physics Design - Leaky Bucket
Physics Design - Leaky Bucket Research Question: How does the distance of water squirted from a hole in a bucket vary with the depth at which the hole is? Variables: Variable Independent/ Dependent/ Controlled Description Distance to which water is squirted Dependent If a bucket is filled with water to a certain height and a hole is made at any height on the bucket, the water will squirt out to a certain distance, depending on the pressure it is at in the bucket. Pressure is the ratio of force applied to the area on which it is applied. If the pressure at which the water comes through the hole is to be equal to the pressure on all other points at that point, it will come through with a larger force than is put on the walls of the bucket. This force will push the water to a certain distance, which will be measured. Depth of hole in the bucket Independent The pressure of the water on the bucket is different at different depths, thus affecting the distance to which water is squirted. Punching several holes at different depths on the same bucket can vary the depth of water. Area of each hole Controlled Pressure is the ratio of force applied to the area on which it is applied. If the area of each hole is not equal, the distance to which the water is squirted will show anomalous variations as for a larger hole, the force with which it is pushed out will be less and
Nuclaer Physics
Nuclear Physics: Radioactive decay: * Regardless of any circumstances radiation does not change: temperature, sound, chemical conditions, etc. * These particles were good at ionizing electrons: "knocking off" electrons (charging) * Element notation: - A=mass number - Z= atomic number - X= individual element * No two elements are the same * Isotopes: same element with different mass... atomic number, different mass number * Unless otherwise specified, the element will be assumed to be electrically neutral, so there will be the same number of electrons as there are protons. * Protons and neutrons: nucleons * Nucleus stays together by strong nuclear force. Sometimes force is overcome and atom is unstable. Unstable isotopes: RADIOISOTOPES. This is because when there are more protons, lots of protons repel as the force does not hold all the protons together. * Different ionizing radiation: ?, ß and ? (alpha, beta and gamma) ? Radiation: * Most powerful. Approximately 5MeV <-- unit of energy: Mega Electron Volt. * Ionizes things almost straight away * Stopped easily: air, paper, skin * Very dangerous if inhaled or indigested. (alters DNA, ionizes) * Electrical charge of +2 * Very heavy, approximately a Helium atom's weight. * Is able to travel at up to approximately 5% of c (where c is the speed of light) * Radiation is very damaging and very fast,
Investigate the factors affecting the period of a double string pendulum
Investigation Question: Investigate the factors affecting the period of a double string pendulum Before commencing my Internal investigation, I decided to research the area of subject of the question over the Internet. Thus I was able to find the definition of a double string pendulum. This will help me in creating my design for a successful experiment. Double string pendulum: metal suspended on each side by two pieces of strings of equal length that are then held by two stand clamps. It functions exactly like normal pendulum with one wave being equal to swing of the metal back and forth from its original position. Period and frequency have the same units, definitions and equations. Except you need only to bring back one side of the metal at certain angle or distance to make the bar oscillate. In this internal assessment for IB Physics I looked at the period and the frequency at which a metal bar oscillates on a double string pendulum. To achieve, this analysis I suspended a metal bar of 17 cm by two strings then held in place by two clamps. I knew from previous knowledge that five specific factors affected the frequency and period at which a metal bar oscillates on a double string pendulum and these the distance between the two strings, the mass of the bar, the amplitude of the oscillations (i.e.: the angle/distance at which the bar will be pulled back) , the center of
The purpose of this experiment is to observe the acceleration of an object caused by the Earth's gravity.
Aim: The purpose of this experiment is to observe the acceleration of an object caused by the Earth's gravity. Introduction: Gravitational acceleration, the acceleration caused by the gravitational attraction of massive bodies in general. Gravity of Earth, the acceleration caused by the gravitational attraction of the Earth. Standard gravity, or g, the standard value of gravitational acceleration at sea level on Earth (9.80665 m/s2) Hypothesis: The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 near the Earth's surface and when air resistance is negligible. Materials: * small, dense weight (200 g) - a dense weight will experience the least air resistance for its mass * electric buzzer - vibrates at the same rate as the alternating current (AC) which is 60 Hz * ticker tape * carbon paper disk * retort stand * duct tape * school bag (for soft landing) * ruler Method: * Use duct tape to attach the buzzer to the retort stand so that the part where the ticker tape goes through is sticking out over the edge of the lab bench. * Put the carbon paper disk onto the buzzer and thread the ticker tape through the guide slots on the buzzer and under the carbon paper disk. The black side of the disk should be touching the ticker tape. * Attach the weight onto the end of the ticker tape and check that the weight can fall freely, pulling the ticker tape smoothly through the buzzer. *
Physics IA 0907 Practical
Name: Anh Linh Class: 5Y EXPERIMENT 0907: Finding the Mass of a Metre Rule using the Principle of Moment Aim: In this experiment you will use the principle of moments, together with the idea of the centre of gravity. To find the mass of a metre rule. Data Collection, Processing and Presentation: m1/kg 0.001m d1/m 0.001m d2/m 0.001 d2/d1 0.001 Uncertainty in d2/d1 Percentage of change in d2/d1 0.050 0.330 0.170 .941 8.9110-3 0.89% 0.060 0.311 0.189 .646 8.3110-3 0.83% 0.070 0.293 0.207 .415 8.2410-3 0.82% 0.080 0.297 0.223 .331 8.0910-3 0.81% 0.090 0.264 0.236 .119 8.02x10-3 0.80% 0.100 0.251 0.249 .008 8.0010-3 0.80% Equation for uncertainty in : m1/kg 0.001m d2/d1 0.001 m2=m1d2/d1 Uncertainty in m2 0.050 .941 0.0501.941=0.097 8.9110-3 0.060 .646 0.0601.646=0.099 8.3110-3 0.070 .415 0.0701.415=0.099 8.2410-3 0.080 .331 0.0801.331=0.106 8.0910-3 0.090 .119 0.0901.119=0.101 8.02x10-3 0.100 .008 0.1001.008=0.101 8.0010-3 Equation for uncertainty in m2: Gradient of the best fit line: mBF = Gradient of the maximum line: Gradient of the minimum line: Average of m2 of the metre rule: Average uncertainty of m2 of the metre rule: Average m2 of the metre rule with uncertainty: 0.101 8.26210-3 (kg) The actual mass of the metre rule is: 0.098 0.001 (kg) Conclusion and Evaluation: The actual