Motion of Hollow Cylinders
• THE DESIGN OF A SKATEBOARD WHEEL • PART I - EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ABSTRACT This extended experimental investigation was performed in order to examine how the physics principles apply to the rolling motion of wheels and other objects down an incline and how these findings can relate to the design of skateboard wheels. More specifically, to test the principle of conservation of energy as it applies to the motion of rolling objects, in addition to the factors that affect this rolling motion. It was discovered during pre-experimental research that the wheels mass, radii and length will have an effect on the velocity at which it rolls down an incline. The first set of experiments was devoted to testing the effect of these factors individually to clarify or disprove this claim. The claim was discovered to be correct, which allowed for further testing to be commenced to determine exactly what factors did affect its velocity. The next experiment involved changing the structure of the wheel to see its outcome, by racing thin-walled and solid wheels, as well as wheels with different cross-sectional areas. Because it was found previously that mass, radii, and length had insignificant effect on the velocity at which the objects came down, it was not important to keep the dimensions and the masses of the objects the same. All the objects dealt with thus far all had their
HL Physics Revision Notes
Sachin Physics Revision Topic 1: Physics and Physical Measurement: The realm of physics: The order of magnitude is i.e. 10x. Range of masses (kg): 10-32 (electron) to 1052 (mass of the observable universe) Range of lengths (m): 10-15 (diameter of proton) to 1026 (radius of universe) Range of times (s): 10-23 (passage of light across a nucleus to 1019 (age of the universe) Measurement and uncertainties: Fundamental units: Quantity SI unit SI symbol Mass Kilograms Kg Length Meters m Time Seconds s Electric Current Ampere A Amount of Substance Mole mol Temperature Kelvin K Derived units are different combination of the fundamental units For example speed = distance/time = meters/seconds =m/s =ms-1 Remember to state answers in the format ms-1 Important Prefixes: Giga G 109 mega M 106 kilo k 103 centi c 10-2 milli m 10-3 micro µ 10-6 nano n 10-9 pico p 10-12 Random errors are errors in measurement caused by different factors Random errors include the readability of the instrument and the effects of a change in surroundings. Repeated readings do reduce random errors. Systematic errors are errors due to faulty equipment/calibration. Systematic errors include an instrument being wrongly calibrated. Repeated readings do not reduce systematic errors. Individual measurements: the error is ± the smallest value e.g. .5mm
How do angle of incline and the coefficient of static friction of different surfaces like wood, cardboard and rubber affect the velocity of a wheeled object rolling down an inclined plane.
IB Physics HL Extended Essay Motion on an inclined plane Research Question: How do angle of incline and the coefficient of static friction of different surfaces like wood, cardboard and rubber affect the velocity of a wheeled object rolling down an inclined plane? Word Count: 3970 Words Examination Session: May 2021 Table of Contents Title Page Number Listing Figures and Tables 2 1. Introduction 3 - 1.1 Research Question 3 2. Background Information 4 - 2.1 Acceleration and Inclination 4 - 2.2 Coefficient of Static Friction 5 - 2.3 Rotational Dynamics 6 3. Hypothesis 7 4. Variables 8 5. Methodology 9 - 5.1 Materials 10 - 5.2 Safety, Ethical, & Environmental 10 considerations - 5.3 Procedure 11 6. Data and Analysis 13 - 6.1 Experimental Data 13 - 6.2 Data Processing and Uncertainty 14 Propagation - 6.3 Data Analysis 16 7. Conclusion and Evaluation 24 - 7.1 Conclusion 24 - 7.2 Evaluation 25 8. Works Cited 29 Appendices 32 - Appendix 1 32 - Appendix 2 39 - Appendix 3 40 - Appendix 4 45 - Appendix 5 48 Acknowledgements 49 Listing Figures and Tables Title Content Diagram 1 Mass on an inclined plane Diagram 2 Graph of force against angles Diagram 3
Suspension Bridges. this extended essay is an investigation to study the variation in tension in the left segment of a relatively inelastic and an elastic string tied between two supports
Abstract Suspension bridges are made of a long roadway with cables that are anchored at both ends to pillars. Vehicles on the roadway exert a compression force on the pillars which in turn exert a tension in the cables. However, the tension is not the same at different points across the cable and it also varies as the length of the cable varies. Taking inspiration from the suspension bridge, this extended essay is an investigation to study the variation in tension in the left segment of a relatively inelastic and an elastic string tied between two supports with the: - * Point of Application of Force * Length of the string tied Keeping in mind that the intrinsic property of the string plays a big role in determining the extent of deformation or change undergone due to the force applied, the research involves comparing the trends in the above variables for two strings of different strain values. Therefore, using their strain values, it would be safe to assume one string as relatively inelastic while the other as elastic. The analyzed data showed that the tension in the relatively inelastic string increased moving horizontally across the string until it reached its maximum somewhere around the halfway distance between the two supports after which it decreased. For the elastic string, the tension increased slightly initially and the maximum was well before the halfway
Size of Crater
Size of Impact crater Introduction: Craters form when an object strikes the surface of a planet, moon, or other space object. Craters are found here on earth as well as the moon and most other planets. The energy from the impact of an object such as a meteorite is transferred to the surface that it strikes. The energy from the impact forces the surface it strikes to move. The crater can change depending on the size, mass, and speed of the object and the type of surface it falls onto. The angle that the object strikes the surface will also be a factor. Aim: When a falling object hits the ground some of the kinetic energy it has is transferred to the ground, and if the force of the fall is large enough, a crater would be created only if there is no rebound or bounce. In this investigation we are going to find out the effect that different masses of object dropped from a fixed height of 2.05meters has on the depth of the crater formed in a box of powder (starch), and the time taken for it to reach the surface of the starch. Prediction: I predict that the greater the mass, the larger the impact crater. Hypothesis: As the mass of an object increases, the potential energy would increases due to the equation gpe=mgh, for this reason, the kinetic energy will also increase, and this causes an increase in the size of impact crater. If the mass is increased, but the
Experiment on looking at enthalpy of solutions
Experiment looking at enthalpy of solutions Aim: To find the enthalpy change of certain solutions (Ammonium chloride with water, and Iron Chloride with water) under a 1:100 ratio (solute: solvent) and derive conclusions and evaluations after the experiment. Materials: * 1 Data Logger * 10.8g of NH4Cl (Ammonium Chloride) * 456 ml of distilled water * 3.2 g of FeCl3 (Iron(iii)Chloride) * 2 big beakers * 1 electronic thermometer that can be adapted to the data logger * 1 memory stick * 1 glass stirrer * 1 electronic balance * 1 spoon * 2 sheets of paper Method: Part A . Fix the data logger so that it records for a time of 300s, with 1 sample per second. 2. Connect the thermometer to the data logger, and have it fixed, ready to use. 3. Place in one beaker (clean and dry) 180 ml of distilled water. Put the electronic thermometer inside the beaker and start recording for 120 seconds. 4. Weigh 5.4g of ammonium chloride, and place it in the beaker with the distilled water after the 120 seconds are recorded. Stir and leave it for 180 seconds. Save your results, organize them in the pc, and produce a graph of temperature against time. 5. Repeat steps 2-4 and produce an average temperature for this solution, as well as a graph of time against average temperature. Make sure to clean and dry the beaker prior to repeating the experiment; this way the
How does the sinkage depth of a tyre affect its rolling resistance ?
Running Head HOW DOES SINKAGE DEPTH OF A TIRE AFFECT ITS ROLLING RESISTANCE ? How Does Sinkage depth of a tire affect its rolling resistance ? Physics Ashish Raj 0510-0 ABA An IB world school Word Count :- 3691 words Table of contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Theory 5 Mathematical Modelling 7 Method of Investigation 8 Results 9 Evaluation 11 Conclusion 14 Limitations in the model 15 Bibliography 16 Abstract The exploration is a laboratory experiment intended to explore relationship between rolling resistance of a tire
Fluid Dynamics
Introduction As objects move through fluids, they are exposed to numerous forces that enhance or impede their progress. By analyzing and understanding these forces, one can predict the velocity of a moving object. Of the forces exerted on an object falling through a liquid, such as buoyant force or the force of gravity, the viscous or drag force appears to have the largest negative effect on the object. The effect of aero and hydrodynamic drag forces and friction appears underrepresented in high school physics courses. Perhaps it is because concepts such as viscous and turbulent drag forces are difficult to predict and measure. My preliminary research indicated there are many factors affecting the forces on an object. These concepts fall in the field of fluid mechanics. Initially, my study began with the idea of measuring the aerodynamic drag force exerted on a model rocket. My primary interest was in the factors that influenced the maximum height reached by a rocket with a set amount of propellant. I thought that launching a rocket on a particularly humid or hot day might result in a different maximum height than a launch on a colder day. It might be possible to theoretically identify the factors such as the pressure or density of the air, then relate them to the measured height. I soon realized that this experiment would not produce accurate data or a clear
Thermal Properties of Liquids
Investigating the Thermal Properties of Liquids In this experiment I looked at liquids of different densities and whether or not this affected their heating rate. For my experiment I had a variety of common liquids (water, salt water, oil, milk etc.) and measured the density of each before heating them under a Bunsen flame for 2 minutes and recording the temperature change. The purpose of this experiment was to find out what effect the density of a liquid has on it's thermal capacity. Thus I hypothesize that the greater the density of a liquid, the greater the heat capacity. This means that it will take more energy to raise the temperature of the liquid/substance by 1?C and so the lower the heating rate of the liquid. In summary, I hypothesize that the relation between a liquid's density and its heating rate is inversely proportional. Since I will be using five different liquids/substances (water, milk, pepsi, salt solution and sunflower oil) with varying densities, this will be my independent variable. The density of a liquid is defined as its mass per unit volume. The term 'per' in mathematic is defined as a division and the density of any liquid is measured in cubic centimetres (cc) and is equal to 1 mL. To have an accurate and precise density of each liquid, I will be using an electronic scale and all liquids/substances will be weighted beforehand commencing any trial
In this extended essay, I will be investigating projectile motion via studying the movement of a metal ball bounced off by an unloaded spring. Experimental methods and theoretical models will be used to investigate how the projection height and compressed
Uploaded By Jensen Pon 9:09 AM 23rd October, 2011 Abstract In this extended essay, I will be investigating projectile motion via studying the movement of a metal ball bounced off by an unloaded spring. Experimental methods and theoretical models will be used to investigate how the projection height and compressed length of spring affect the projection range of the metal ball. A spring gun was constructed using a spring and 5 wooden boards. The metal ball served as ammunition for the spring gun. While the simple spring gun was used to launch the metal ball , a zigzag ruler was used to measure the range of horizontal distance travelled by the metal ball at varying ranges of projection height and compressed spring length. The conclusion of this investigation will be drawn by comparing theoretical models and experimental data, considering whether experimental values were less than theoretical values. This may be attributed to air resistance in a vacuum-less environment, therefore it can be seen that gravity isn't the only factor causing this uncertainty. At the same time, it is should be noted that the elastic potential energy of the spring is converted into work done against friction, work done against air resistance and rotational kinetic energy of metal ball after spring release. Experimental results of the horizontal projection range of the metal ball followed an expected