The Cognitive Level of Analysis
1.
A schema is a mental model of the aspects of the world. Schemas consist of cultures, animals, occupation, and other features of the natural and social environment. Information from earlier experiences is stored in the brain and is called schema. For face to face interactions in an individual’s cultural environment, the knowledge from the cognitive structures can be considered as cultural schemas. There is not much of a difference in cultural schemas from other schemas other than them being shared by particular cultural groups than individuals. The cultural schema theory says that cultural schemas are sorted in the brain where people think in a group.
4.
Testimonies would not always be the most reliable because some eyewitnesses can be biased since it is extremely likely to make wrong identifications based on false characteristics. For example, in most cases witnesses probably identify a person who may look like the person who committed the crime and then due to this claim, false convictions are made. Sometimes these mistakes can be made when eyewitnesses mistake the suspect’s ethnicity and background from the actual victims due to not being able to observe the exact features of the individual.
5.
Mirror neurons are defined as a neuron which takes place when an animal observes the same behavior or action done by another animal or when animal acts. The neuron usually “mirrors” the behavior of the other as if it was the person himself acting that way. Humans usually find the mirror neurons in the parietal cortex and the premotor cortex. They can be important for understanding different actions made by different individuals and for also learning new skills by imitating the other person, or mirroring them. Some problems may include cognitive disorders. Mirror neurons have shown to be related to many important characteristics of autism, which is a type of cognitive disorder.
6.
The tragic events that hold a special place in memory, the ones we deal with personally, are events frozen in time with the details still present. Roger Brown and James Kulik (1977) labeled these collections of memories, flashbulb memories. The term captures the surprise, illumination, and seemingly photographic detail that characterizes them. Therefore if one faces a tragic event personally and is left with only the experience of that event, the individual would then have the intensity of the emotion, and even after a period of time the individual will remember the event with all the details present so then the emotion would be most shared with the surrounding and socially since it is the cause of the memory being present in the first place.
The Socio-cultural Level of Analysis
1.
An emic describes a belief or behavior done consciously or unconsciously, it arrives from a person within a culture. On the other hand an etic is something that describes a behavior or belief made by an observer. An etic can be used for other cultures as well, it does not depend on one specific culture. In social and behavioral sciences, the terms etic and emic are used to pertain to different sorts of data or information concerning behavior of humans
2.
Enculturalism is a when a person is able to learn the needed material of a culture and the values and behaviors appropriate by which the individual may be surrounded by. Enculturalism, if successful, results in competence with a language, and values and rituals of the culture, it can also make an individual become “fit” to the society. Culture becomes part of everything an individual does, even when a culture changes, enculturation becomes a process which always brings together people.
3.
Ethnocentrism is when one believes that their own culture, nation, or religion is better than everyone else’s. The individual, whom is ethnocentric, will criticize other beliefs and groups relating to his or her particular culture and ethnic group. This is mostly done with language, customs, behavior, and religion. Ethnocentrism is universal because it does help survival by increasing attachment for people to their own groups. Further more, cultural relativism is a view being that no culture is higher or better than any other culture when one compares the system of law, politics, and morality. It has its own belief that every cultural belief is true; relativism usually has cognitive and moral relativism. The individuals who believe in cultural relativism see that all religious, ethical, and political ways of living are only relative to the individual’s own identity.
5.
The terms individualistic and collectivistic as regards to culture are valid terms. In individualistic cultures the independence of the individual often takes precedence over the needs of the group, and the self is often defined as a collection of personality traits or occupational terms. In collectivist cultures, group harmony often takes precedence over the wishes of the individual, and the self is defined in the context of relationships and the community. Individualist and collectivist ways define the self influence of many aspects of life, including which personality traits we value, how we express emotions, and how much we value having relationships or maintaining freedom (Campbell 1996; Kashima 1995). Individualist and collectivist outlooks even affect whether we believe that personality is stable across situations.
Abnormal Psychology
1.
Reductionism is the explanation of a disorder or other complex phenomena using only a single idea or perspective. As compared to the definitions of abnormality, the field of abnormal psychology identifies multiple different causes for different conditions, giving diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere, and much still hinges on what exactly is meant by “abnormal”.
4.
The diathesis stress model of mental health is a psychological theory which explains behavior of a particular individual by genetic factors in addition to the biological factors, as well as life experiences. Diathesis refers to a genetic predisposition of a diseased or an abnormal state of being. The “predisposition” results in abnormal behavior. Mostly this theory helps in describing mental disorders which are produced by interacting hereditary predisposition, with events that influence the environment. The model benefits many people that have many mental illnesses. It began the research and treatment on how to make the stress levels not as high.
5
Norms and stress influence eating disorders in many ways. Norms are expectations which arrive on a behavioral condition and it is followed within a specific society or a group. Stress refers to the result of the failure of an organism to respond correctly to emotional and physical threats. Norms play a huge role in eating disorders, for example, it is the reason for a woman to desire an ideal body through dieting or eating disorders. These eating disorders may include anorexia or bulimia. The ideal image they develop in the mind causes stress to them which helps them to keep up the look or image and this makes eating disorders more likely to occur. Men in other cases are often more likely to just keep this ideal image by dieting, which makes eating disorders less likely to occur in their cases. But men do take steroids and other dieting pills. Fitting into this social environment and desire to maintain this image for society influences the stress to build up because it may become an obsession and it eventually results in harming the individuals body, because it no longer stays as healthy as it should.
6.
The factors that increase one’s risk of depression are genetic factors, life experiences, problems with close attachments, and cognitive habits.
Psychology of Human Relationships
1. Both the evolutionary and biological factors influence human relationships. The reason why people are attracted to each other is due to the biological side. In evolutionary aspects, in earlier times women always needed the support from someone that would also help them raise their child. This would be why women get more attracted to men who show more stability, independency, and show that they are really committed.
2. Compared to individualistic societies, the more group oriented societies act more pro socially, for example in places around the world it is shown that younger individuals become less likely to help strangers than people from other areas who show to be more group oriented and who blend more with larger societies due to his they would help more.
3. Bystanderism is when people do not meddle in someone’s situation where their help would not really be required. The theory shows that if one is surrounded by more and more people, one would be less likely to receive any kind of help. Diffusion of responsibility is when if there are more people around the situation than it would become less likely for and aid to be given, and this usually results in bystander apathy. Darley and Latane found a study referring to this which says that most people do not give aid thinking that someone else in the larger group with give aid either way.
5. Cultures of East Asia show less violence than western nations. Most problems like such can then create an enemy. Children who engage with more social aspects and surroundings can also behave violently. Whether the society is individualistic or group –oriented can determine the amount of violence that may elicit.
