The Schema theory which was derived by Sir Frederic Bartlet (1886-1969) ascertains that the mind is organised into units called schemata.
Evaluating the Schema Theory The "Schema theory" which was derived by Sir Frederic Bartlet (1886-1969) ascertains that the mind is organised into units called schemata. Schemata are "Organised structures that capture knowledge and expectations of some aspect of the world." (Bartlett, 1932). These units represent single concepts such as "dog" they are abstract and leave room for interpretation. For example within the schema of a dog, most people have teeth, fur, four legs, tail, etc. Therefore, if a person has a dog in front of them and only sees the front of the dog with the snout, fur and ears he can deduce that most likely the dog will have a tail even though he cannot see it. This is the result of default values, which fill in the missing slot when one even only sees the front of a dog and which tells a person that the dog probably has a tail. The "Schema theory" also relies on how we process memory; the process is shown below; Encoding Storage Retrieval Added to memory Maintained in memory Recovered from Memory The schema theory is useful and elucidates many things that would otherwise be extremely confounding. One of the main advantages of the schema theory is that it shows how humans categorise and interpret information. The schema theory states that everything is placed into a schema, in
This essay will examine the various arguments that are brought up pro and against the nature and nurture debate.
FANIEL T. ESTIFANOS (1105733) 09 DECEMBER 2011 NATURE OR NURTURE Pederson, Brian Growing up people will have told that you look like your father or mother, on the other hand you may notice that you have the brown eyes from your mother and you are tall as your father; but what about your knowledge your intelligence and ability? Do you get them from your parents as well or are they innate with you and you are born with your unique ability? This essay will examine the various arguments that are brought up pro and against the nature and nurture debate. Great philosophers like Rene Descartes and John Locke argued that people acquire knowledge from the information our senses provide us with. King Solomon seems to support the nurture assumption when he suggests in the Proverbs 22:6, "Train the child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn from it."People at the beginning start with simple ideas and then they combine them and can turn them into more complex ones. Psychologist J. B. Watson once said "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of
An Investigation of the Effect the Presence of Different Genres of Music Have on Reaction Rate to Visual Stimulus
Aylin Huzmeli IB Biology Mr. Steve 22/2/2012 An Investigation of the Effect the Presence of Different Genres of Music Have on Reaction Rate to Visual Stimulus Background: There are many parts concerning the response to a stimulus. A stimulus is any change in the environment which is detected by a receptor and a response is the change in the organism due to that stimulus. The pathway in which a response occurs is comprised of many parts. First a stimulus is detected by a receptor which transforms the stimuli into a nerve impulse. A sensory neuron will connect the receptor to the central nervous system and the neuron travels along its axon. A motor neuron will than carry the impulse from the central nervous system to an effector (muscles or glands) which causes the response in the organism. The time it takes to react to a stimulus is the reaction rate and includes both the reaction time (involves attention resources and processing information) and the movement time (the time it takes for muscles to move. There are different factors that can affect the reaction rate by influencing the attention of an organism. Research Question: What effect does the presence of different types of music such as heavy metal and classical music have on reaction rate compared to no presence of music? Purpose: to compare the effect of heavy metal and classical music on reaction rate
There are two types of long term memory: Explicit (declarative) Memory and Implicit (non-declarative) Memory.
Grade 11 Psychology Evaluate a model or a theory of one cognitive process (e.g. Memory, perception, language, decision making), with reference to research studies. There are two types of long term memory: Explicit (declarative) Memory and Implicit (non-declarative) Memory. First we will explore explicit memory and the breakdown of it. Explicit memory consists of Episodic (biographical events) and semantic (which includes words, ideas, and concepts.) · Episodic- memories that you experience at a specific time and place · Semantic- the system in which you use to store your knowledge of the world Implicit (non-declarative) memory is expressed by means other than words. This is broken down into four categories which include procedural (skills), emotional conditioning, priming effect and conditioned reflex. · Procedural memory- enables people to acquire motor skills and gradually improve them · Emotional conditioning- related to our emotions · Priming effect- we do this on a regular basis in which we relate things to something we already know from a previous experience. Conditioned reflex- a classic example of this is the study conducted by Pavlov when he showed a dog a piece of meat and the dog started to salivate, the next time when he showed the dog meat he included the sound of an alarm in which it caused the dog to salivate so then when the dog heard the alarm
A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier by Ishmael Beah--A Psychological Analysis
A LONG WAY GONE: MEMOIRS OF A BOY SOLDIER Book Summary A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier is a heart touching biography of an amazing young man, Ishmael Beah, during his years of growing up as a child of war in Sierra Leone, Africa. His story begins in 1993 while in his hometown village of Mogbewemo. Ishmael, his brother Junior, and his childhood friend Talloi had started a hip-hop dance and music group. They had left their village one day to travel by foot to a neighboring city to perform in their friend’s talent show. During their absence their village is attacked by rebel forces and destroyed. Ishmael and his friends never make to their friend’s talent show; they hear the news that their village had been attacked and quickly make the decision to return and find their families. Ishmael was ten years old when the horrors of war became his only reality. By the age of thirteen the Sierra Leone’s government army drafted him. Then at sixteen he was placed in a rehabilitation program by UNICEF, a program dedicated to returning war-stricken children back to mainstream society. Ishmael’s memoirs are essentially divided into three periods and during Ishmael’s accounts he is a very different person in each one of these periods. The first period was his life before he had to literally fight to stay alive—before he became a soldier. This time is marked by
Etiology of Eating Disorders
TV As Tiggemann & Pickering (1996, p. 202) noted upon discovering body dissatisfaction among girls and drive for thinness -> associated with exposure of TV “although it is tempting to conclude that watching a large dose of thin idealized images on television leads to dissatisfaction with one’s body, a correlation cannot determine causality or is it that ED -> TV ________________ PEERS Peer influence - a contributor to EDs (e.g., Levine et al. 1994, Shisslak et al. 1998, Stice 1998, Wertheim et al. 1997. Adolescent girls learn certain attitudes (i.e., the importance of slimness) and behaviors (i.e., dieting, purging) from their peers (Levine et al. 1994), both by example and encouragement and by way of teasing for failure to adhere to peer norms. It is difficult to weigh the relative importance of peer influence, as opposed, say, to the influence of the media or the family, which teach the same lessons; some evidence suggests that peers and family are more potent influences than the media (Stice 1998), whereas other studies find the reverse (Wertheim et al. 1997). Moreover, peer influence, like these other influences, is so broad and pervasive that it ought to cause more pathology than actually occurs. Paxton et al.’s (1999) analysis reminds us that not all peers are equally concerned about attaining a slim physique, so blanket condemnation of peer influence
How Biological Factors Affect Cognitive Processes
How Biological Factors Affect Cognitive Processes Biological Factors: A factor is a substance necessary to produce a result or activity in the body. The term is used when the chemical nature of the substance is unknown. Biological factors are the substances that bring results in biological systems. For example in the human system, red blood cells are biological factors. Cognition: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicationg Cognitive Processes: Perception, thinking, problem solving, memory, language attention ________________ Explain how biological factors (these studies) affect Cognition (memory) Alzheimer’s Disease: A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by the gradual detioration of memory, reasoning, language and physical functioning BIOLOGICAL CAUSES COGNITIVE IMPACT 1. Damage to the neurotransmitter acetylcoline 2. Tangles are twisted fibers of the protein Tau that build up inside the cells 3. Plaques are deposits of a protein fragment called beta amyloid that build up in the spaces between the neurons 1. Plaques and tangles seem to begin in areas important to memory- hippocampus 2. Further damages spread to regions for thinking and planning: the frontal lobe 3. Speaking and understanding of language areas also see damage: Wernickes are and Broca’s area. Martinez and Kesner Study:
Discuss the effect of the environment (light) on one seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Discuss the effect of the environment (light) on one physiological process. I am going to discuss the effect that Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) has on the physiological process of the production of the hormone melatonin and its importance of its levels for the sustainability of bodily rhythms. SAD is a disorder which mainly causes depression. It is a disorder which is caused by seasons and the change in light in these seasons, making it a circannual rhythm. There are two different types of SAD - summer and winter (Boyce and Parker 1988). People who suffer from winter SAD have a longing for carbohydrates, gain weight and oversleep as well as severe depression. Furthermore, people with summer SAD lose appetite and weight and insomnia , again as well as depression. Melatonin, produced in the pineal gland effects mood and energy levels (For example melatonin produces serotonin which causes sleep) and is suggested by research to be the cause of this disorder. It is produced most in the dark so production is therefore controlled by light stimulation to the eyes. It has been suggested that winter SAD is caused by too much melatonin production in the winter months due to earlier and later ending production of the hormone, because it is dark for more time in the winter. Inextricably linked the SAD is the amounts of light in ones environment, this is supported by the
The two roles of cultural dimensions on behaviour that I will examine are individualism and collectivism
The two roles of cultural dimensions on behaviour that I will examine are individualism and collectivism. Both dimensions are what divide cultures into two "sub categories". The term individualism refers to 'individualist societies', where bonds between individuals are loosely based. This means that every being are referred to as a 'true individual' where one is expected to look after him/herself and/or his/her own family. On the other hand the term collectivism refers to 'collectivist societies', where an individual is expected to conform immediately to society's rules and expectations from birth onwards, as well being integrated into strong cohesive in-groups. For example an extended family, such as uncles, aunts and grandparents to provide support and protection towards that individual. Nevertheless if an individual in a conformed collectivist society does not reach to its (society, family and large social groups) expectations, severe results can arise because of this. Although individualism and collectivism cultural dimensions are not commonly researched, a few studies had been carried out. Such as Markus and Kitayama (1991) research on contrasting two different cultures; the 'westernized' and the 'non-westernized' culture, that is Japan and the United States, to see individuals from two different social groups dimensionsm, Geert Hofstede (1980) study on the IBM
Case Study of a Feral Child - Genie Wiley
Susan Wiley (‘Genie’) . Genie was discovered on 4th November 1970 in Los Angeles. 2. The thirteen year old girl had been confined to a small room and spent most of her life often tied to a potty chair. 3. The girl was given the name Genie to protect her identity and privacy. "The case name is Genie. This is not the person's real name, but when we think about what a genie is, a genie is a creature that comes out of a bottle or whatever, but emerges into human society past childhood. We assume that it really isn't a creature that had a human childhood,” explained Susan Curtiss in a documentary called Secrets of the Wild Child (1997). 4. Both parents were charged with abuse, but Genie's father committed suicide the day before he was due to appear in court, leaving behind a note stating that "the world will never understand." 5. Before she was discovered, she spent most of her days tied naked to her potty chair only able to move her hands and feet. When she made noise, her father would beat her. Her father, mother, and brother rarely spoke to her. The rare times her father did interact with her, it was to bark or growl. 6. Both the general public and also the scientific community were interested in her case. Psycholinguist and author Harlan Lee explained that "our morality doesn’t allow us to conduct deprivation experiments with human beings, these unfortunate