The Biological Perspective believes that correlates exist between physiological and psychological behavior. Use one psychological study to explain this statement.
SAQ 1 The Biological Perspective believes that correlates exist between physiological and psychological behavior. Use one psychological study to explain this statement. The biological perspective focuses on explaining behavior through physiological but also psychological factors. To understand behavior the relationship between the physical and the mental activity must be looked at. Aggression is an example of a behavior that can be explained through both physiological and psychological factors. Aggression is part of the natural instincts that almost every species of animals possess and it comes in the form of threat behaviors or attacks. Aggressive behaviors are crucial to the survival of an animal, because it is used in predation, defense of territory, offspring, food, or related to reproduction. Especially threatening or submissive gestures are important because it warns another animal that it will defend itself or flee, which would stop the fight. Both behaviors are there for communication before the actual attack. Aggression within predation is when an animal of one species, acting as predator, hunts and attacks an animal of another, the prey which serves as food. Aggressive behaviors within the same species cause arousal and excitement, because the sympathetic nervous system goes into overdrive. Aggressive behaviors are different and specific for each species and
Social Facilitation Internal Assessment
Social Facilitation Name IB Number Standard Level Psychology Date Word count Table of Contents Abstract.........................................................................................................3 Introduction.....................................................................................................4 Method...........................................................................................................5 Results...........................................................................................................7 Discussion......................................................................................................8 Works Cited....................................................................................................9 Appendix......................................................................................................10 Abstract Studies have shown patterns in which people are more likely to have a better performance when competing against others or when under the eye of others also. This theory, first researched by Norman Triplett in 1898, is called social facilitation. Triplett noticed that bike racers have faster times when racing against others compared to racing alone. He also studied the different performances based on the difficulty of the situation. Social facilitation theories have since
The behavioural approach is the assumption that behaviour is learned. Experience and interactions with the environment make us what we are. This perspective has been called environment determinism because it suggests that we are determined by the environm
Introduction The behavioural approach is the assumption that behaviour is learned. Experience and interactions with the environment make us what we are. This perspective has been called environment determinism because it suggests that we are determined by the environments in which we exist. The main features of behaviourist theory The second assumption is that all behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning theory. Conditioning refers to changing behaviour in the absorbable behaviour. The third main assumption is that we need to look no further than the behaviours we can observe in order to understand and explain how humans and non-humans animals operate. It is sufficient to be concerned only with external and observable behaviour. A further assumption of the behaviour approach is that humans and non- human animals are only qualitatively different. This is supported by the theory of evolution which suggests that all animals have evolved from common ancestors and are built from the same unit. Much behaviorist research is conducted with non-human animals. It is important to recognize the contrasting perspectives within behaviourism; * Methodological behaviourism; the view that all perspectives use some behaviourist concepts to explain behaviour. This is a mild view of behaviourism- it is the view that the perspectives is not a ''stand alone'' approach but is part
Postive & negative effects of Schema. The Schema theory which was derived by Sir Frederic Bartlet (1886-1969) ascertains that the mind is organised into units called schemata. These units represent single concepts such as dog, they are abstrac
Tobias Höcker 11.4 Evaluating the Schema Theory 13th September 2010 Psychology Standard Mr Harnish The "Schema theory" which was derived by Sir Frederic Bartlet (1886-1969) ascertains that the mind is organised into units called schemata. These units represent single concepts such as "dog", they are abstract and leave room for interpretation. For example within the schema of a dog, most people have teeth, fur, four legs, tail, etc. Therefore if a person has a dog infront of them and only sees the front of the dog with the snout, fur and ears he can deduce that most likely the dog will have a tail even though he cannot see it. This is the result of default values which fill in the missing slot when one only sees the front o the dog and which tells a person that the dog probably has a tail. The "Schema theory" also relies on how we process memory, the process is shown below; Encoding Storage Retrieval Added to memory Maintained in memory Recovered from Memory This memory process means that schemata can be established, because as the mind stores memories they are placed into schemata. Schemata are positive as well as negative, they are extremely useful but have some abortive side effects. Schemata are
The multi-store model
The multi-store model is an oversimplified view of a very complex human memory system. Evaluate the multi-store model with reference to alternative models of memory. (8 points) Much research was devoted to identifying the properties of the sensory, short and long term memory. Cognitive psychology such as Atkinson and Shiffin began to regard them as stores or rather holding structures of memory. Theirs multi store model of memory is the first model that describes and showed how information is flowed through different parts of the sensory, short and long term memory. This model is separated into three different categories or rather sections of memory. The sensory Memory is the first level of memory. It stores brief in formations of a sensory stimulus after the stimulus itself has ended. Eg: seeing an object and then the object disappear. You'll have a vivid memory of it remaining. (Coltheart at al 1974) The second is short-Term Memory where information selected by the sensory memory that gets passed to the short term memory (STM). STM has a limited capacity and allows us to retain up to 7+/- pieces of information for long enough for us to be able to use it. Peterson (1959) tested and proved that information stored by the STM only lasts for approximately 15 to 30 seconds. Finally there's the long-Term Memory which provides a more lasting preservation ranging from a minute to a
investigating stress and illness
Investigating Stress and Illness Lucas Gröger IB1 25-10-09 Psychology HL Being stressed is sometimes a good thing but it often has negative effects on the person that is under stress. For example if you are stressed you have an increased chance of becoming sick. In a study 394 healthy participants completed a questionnaire designed to measure their stress level. They listed the stressful events they had experienced over the last year, assessed their ability to cope with these events and noted how often they felt negative emotions such as hostility, anger and depression. On the basis of this information, each participant was given a 'psychological stress index ' from 3 (lowest stress) to 12 (highest stress). The participants were then given nasal drops which exposed them to one of five common cold viruses. Most showed signs of infection, but only around a third were judged by a doctor to have an actual cold. Looking at those results there was a great indication that the level of stress had to do something with the participants becoming sick AIM: The aim of this investigation is to prove that there is a connection between stress and illness. Hypothesis: My hypothesis is that if a person scores high on the stress survey they should score high on the illness survey as well. Therefore all the results will be in a steady pattern. Results of the surveys in tables and graphs:
Paper 3- Qualitative V. Quantitative research methods
IB Question: Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data. Throughout the years, there have been many debates as to whether or not experiments should use qualitative as opposed to quantitative research methods. In order for one to decide their viewpoint on the matter, one must first know the clear differences of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative research explores attitudes, behavior, and experiences by asking the participant open-ended questions which require an in-depth, opinionated answers. On the other hand, quantitative research generates statistics through the use of predetermined questions with fixed answer choices, such as yes/no questionnaires. Each type of method has its own significant use and whether or not one is more appropriate than the other has much to do with the type of experiment being conducted. Key differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods include their analytical objectives, the questions they employ, the data instruments they use, the forms of data they produce, and most importantly, the degree of flexibility within the study design. The objective of quantitative research methods are primarily to predict casual relationships, describe characteristics of a population, and to quantify variation, whereas the purpose of qualitative research methods include to describe and explain relationships, to
Psychology essay-Discuss ways in which ethical considerations affect research in the Cognitive perspective
. Discuss ways in which ethical considerations affect research in the Cognitive perspective. (20 marks) The cognitive perspective started in the late 20th century and became a dominant paradigm in psychology. The cognitive perspective suggests that humans are information processors and are similar to computers. This perspective also proposed the study of the internal mental processes that lie between the stimuli we receive and the responses we make. These internal mental processes are investigated scientifically through experimentation, case studies and research. It is possible that ethical considerations affect the research in the cognitive perspective, for example by limiting the amount and the extent of experimentation done on humans and living animals. Since ethical guidelines are always considered while conducting research, it may limit the amount of research being obtained. The cognitive approach is mainly to do with internal processes and with the mind and it is necessary in the name of science to experiment with living animals and it can often cause them pain or discomfort; for example removing parts of animals brains like Lashley's experiment which some consider unethical. Another example of this is Riesen's experiment where he tested the blindness of a light deprived chimpanzee by seeing if it would avoid a visually presented object along with an electric shock.
Assess the extent to which one concept or model of information processing was helped in understanding cognition.
Erika Pärn IB07 Assess the extent to which one concept or model of information processing was helped in understanding cognition. One key concept helping in understanding the cognitive perspective is schema. Schema can be used to explain information processing as well as memory processes. Schema can be defined as a mental framework, which organizes knowledge, beliefs, and expectations. Schemas are used to guide human behavior and are very integrated with our way of processing information. According to Bartlett new information interacts with former information represented by a schema. Schemas have great influence over behavior. They are seen to operate in a way known as 'top down' in order to interpret 'bottom up' information influencing our senses from the environment. 'top down' and 'bottom up' theories may be explained with the use of explaining perception. Perception is the process of interpreting and organizing environmental information received by the senses more specifically visual information. The bottom-up theory emphasizes the richness of the information entering the eye and the way perception can occur from using all information available, such as the schemas in our minds. The mind detects details and then based on previous information makes sense of what is being seen i.e. arms, legs, body and head is interpreted as a human. 'Top-down' theories are also
Psychology essay-Discuss evidence which suggests that physiological mechanism and emotion are co related.
5. Psychology Essay-Discuss evidence which suggests that physiological mechanism and emotion are co related. During the 19th century, psychologists started to think about behaviour through a physiological perspective. One of the first was Charles Darwin who studied emotions alone through a biological perspective. This was the foundation of forming certain areas of science such as neuroanatomy. The biological origin of emotion was also through William James in 1884 who briefly suggested that emotions are functions of sensory and motor areas of the brain. This theory was then supported further by Cannon and Bard in the 20th century who showed that emotional reactions require the use of the brain's hypothalamus. As psychologists researched more about the physiological mechanism and the brain, they realized that there was a clear link between this mechanism and emotion. Psychologists define emotion in terms of combinations of three dimensions although these can vary according to interpretation although there are 6 universal emotions proposed by Ekman et al. which can be recognized universally as they are all expressed facially in the same way despite individual and cultural differences. Emotions can lead to involuntary physiological changes which suggests a co-relation between the two and there are quite a few theories that show this co-relation. Ekman, a biopsychologist,