IB Psychology Internal Assessment - Learning Perspective
Introduction In observing the school classroom, Bandura's Social Learning Theory was applied. Social Learning Theory was proposed by Bandura and is the theory of learning and development. The theory states that people learn new behavior from one another through reinforcement, imitation, observational learning, or modeling. The general concept or idea of Bandura's Social Learning Theory is that people can learn through observation. - [1977] A study of observational learning by Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961) can be a great example presenting Bandura's Social Learning Theory. The aim of the study was to demonstrate that learning can occur through mere observation of a model, and that imitation can occur in the absence of that model. Design of the method was a laboratory experiment, in which the independent variable (IV) or types of model were manipulated in three conditions as aggressive, non-aggressive, and controlled condition with no model shown. The dependent variable (DV) was the amount of imitative behavior and aggression shown by the children, which are the levels of aggression shown by the children. Matched pairs of 12 boys and 12 girls were assigned to each condition and were observed for both same and opposite sex models. Participants of the study were 36 boys and 36 girls with a mean age of 52 months. The main procedure of the experiment was that the children were
Dysfunctional behavior
Compare the basic assumptions of two models or theories of dysfunctional behavior. [20 marks] Abnormality is the behavior or characteristic that is considered as abnormal but still allows an individual to function properly in society. Dysfunctional behavior, such as aggression, is the type of behaviors that does not allow an individual to function properly or normally in society. Every model of abnormality each has different assumptions about causes of dysfunctional behavior. The biological model is based on the assumptions that if the brain and biochemicals mediate psychological processes, so any abnormal or dysfunctional behaviors are determined physically and biologically. Thus, biological model assumes genetic, organic or chemical disorders cause mental illness which gives rise to psychological symptoms. The behavioral model is based upon the behaviorist or learning theory approach. It believes that external or environmental factors are mainly responsible for psychological illness, so dysfunctional behavior just simply occurs when maladaptive responses have been learnt or adaptive responses have not been learnt. Therefore, only observable behavior disorder needs to be fixed. Both models of dysfunctional behavior use laboratory experiment to investigate the causes of dysfunctional behavior. They are able to study on and record any behavior that can be seen or hear,
Case Study Development of Autistic Child
Case Study of development concerning three-year-old male Ashley Hambright University of Phoenix PSYCH 500 Denise Dewhurst January 31, 2010 Case Study of development concerning three year-old male Choosing a child of preschool age to conduct a study is a rather daunting and meticulous task. The child I chose to observe provided immense insight into all aspects of life-span development particular to his age. Interestingly, this child comes from a background of fascinating anomaly. For the purpose of identity, the child is referred to as Mason. Mason is a three-year-old in a family of five children. His mother and father bring to the marriage and family nucleus, each a child of his and her own. The father has a son of age 16 from a previous relationship, and the mother, an eight-year-old son from a previous relationship. The third child in the family, Mason has two half-brothers older than him. Another point of interest with regard to Mason's family, his father is seven years the mother's senior. The mother is 13 years the oldest son's senior; according to the father making it difficult at times for the 16 year old and mother to agree and build their relationship. The eldest son is a typical teenage boy whereas the eight-year-old is diagnosed as ADD and slightly autistic. In the fall of 2008, Mason's parents gave birth to a sister, whom unexpectedly because of
Anger and Aggression in Males and Females
EXTENDED ESSAY CANDIDATE NAME: Michaela Stovicková CANDIDATE NUMBER: 000771 - 030 SUBJECT: Psychology RESEARCH QUESTION: The link between anger and aggression : do they feed one another? WORDCOUNT: YEAR: 2005/2006 CANDIDATE NUMBER: 000771 - 030 ABSTRACT Anger and aggression, though at the first glance similar issues, are two distinctive phenomena. What is the link between them and is it legitimate to claim that they feed one another? Anger is an internal state, a negative emotion. Aggression is a negative behavior intended to hurt others. One link is when anger motivates aggressive act or when aggressive act provokes anger in a victim. Another association is that aggressive act is often mislead with the expression of anger: Behavior driven by anger does not need to be intended to hurt but may seem so, and subsequently, act can be only called aggressive if having the intention to hurt. Factors managing the expression of anger and aggression turn out to be biological determinants and social norms. In conclusion, social norms in the given society have much greater influence on expressions of anger and aggression. For better examination of these norms, gender differences are of interest. The most pervasive norm claims that men are more angered and more aggressive than women. This stereotype turns out to be a myth. However, this mythic stereotype, as
With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent does genetic inheritance influence behaviour?
G&B 2: With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent does genetic inheritance influence behaviour? Evolution is a theory initiated by Charles Darwin, primarily in his book, Origin of the Species. It contains fundamental principles including natural selection, survival of the fittest and competition. Natural Selection suggests that advantageous genes are passed down through to subsequent generations and in psychology, it is important to consider that it describes the mechanisms of behaviour (MoB) rather than the behaviours themselves. A MoB is the observable response made to a situation and the unconscious processes underlying it. Survival of the fittest favours organisms that are best adapted to a certain environment.Evolution of the brain can be observed in both humans and animals. Some common trends include the appearance of a hindbrain amongst reptiles, the limbic system amongst mammals as well as the frontal lobe in higher mammals. Fessler (2006) aimed to investigate whether disgust sensitivity in the first trimester of pregnancy was as elevated as predicted. He also hypothesised that disgust helps to compensate for the suppressed immune system of a pregnant mother. Data were collected using a Web-based questionnaire through the participation of 691 healthy, pregnant females between the ages of 18-50 years. 155 of which were in their first trimester, 183
To what extent do bystanders have a responsibility in the case of Marques Gaines?
Transfer-Encoding: chunked To what extent do bystanders have a responsibility to intervene in the case of Marques Gaines? Victim Marques Gaines,32, a hotel bartender in River North, Chicago got punched twice, and robbers mugged his items, then in the busy intersection lying unconscious surrounded by a dozen bystanders. The incident began around 4:20 am the 7th of February 2016. Security guards witnessed the situation but did not perform their responsibility, instead, they were watching in the 7-Eleven store. No one attempted to lift him off from the street. Careless actions led to the preventable fatality of Gaines being driven over by a taxi, and he passed away after finally being taken to a hospital. Two men were arguing; one whom identified as Gaines. Only one person in the busy street has called 911, who was the security guard, while he was lying face down motionless. What if only one has encountered a person in need of emergency help? Would they have helped? According to research, only 1 in 55 of us would have in Gaines case. While the event was heartbreaking and devastating for Gaines' family, experts say that the bystanders' reactions that night was not surprising. Social psychologists and researchers have studied this event for decades, naming it the "bystander effect." The bystander effect is a situation where people do not offer help in emergency situations
Experiment. Are bilingual people more proficient at multitasking between cognitive tasks?
Student Research Project Abstract This study aims to investigate whether bilingualism causes improved cognitive ability to motivate students to learn a second language and become global citizens who have proficient understanding of different cultures and globally significant issues. This is conducted through a cognitive test in which you multitask between simple computer tasks and memorisation. The results suggest a small difference in monolingual and bilingual abilities, with monolinguals being more proficient, yet it was inconclusive as there was difficulty finding enough monolingual participants.[1] This illustrates how most of Australia speaks a second language, either from their cultural background or learning at school. Research question Are bilingual people more proficient at multitasking between cognitive tasks? Background research The world’s understanding of bilingualism has dramatically shifted over the turn of the century. Scientists, teachers and the general public long considered a second language to be an interference to children’s cognitive development. However, recent research has shown that it can have a great impact on your brain, improving cognitive skills unrelated to language and even protecting against dementia in old age.[2] When a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. This is called language co-activation.
Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behaviour
Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behaviour Hofstede 1973 conducted a classic piece of research, involving asking employees of the multinational company IBM to fill in surveys about morale in the workplace. He then carried out content analysis on their responses, focusing on the key differences submitted by employees in different countries. He called the trends he noticed “dimensions.” By 2001 he had data from 72 countries and had identified 5 major work related trends. These are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs femininity, individualism vs collectivism and long term vs short term orientation. This essay will examine these last two dimensions. Time orientation reflects the extent to which a culture has a dynamic future-orientated mentality and refers to the degree to which a culture encourages delayed gratification of material, social and emotional needs among its members. This was based on the argument put forward by Hall 1959, who said that the ways humans experience time is influenced by their culture. In 2001, Hofstede renamed this dimension long term vs short term orientation. Long term orientation cultures value persistence, loyalty and trustworthiness. They value long-standing as opposed to short term traditions and values. Individuals in such cultures strive to fulfil their own long-term social obligations and avoid loss of face.
Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process.
Emaan Jadoon 0/13/12 12G Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process. Cognitive processes are imperative for human behavior since their core is about knowledge and they way people use that knowledge under certain circumstances. For example, our brain has different areas in which our memory, emotions, and perception are stored and all that is stored is fairly accurate. Also, our brain stores memory in phases and then we retrieve it through language since the language of the brain is translated to the language of our body allowing us to understand the stored memory. Eventually, the stored memories lead us to learning and finally to intelligence. However, at times our biological factors such as hormonal levels or different areas of the brain are damaged in such a way that they hinder our instinct to use our cognitive abilities. In 1957, Scoville and Milner attempted the case study of H.M. H.M was a 7 year old boy who fell off from his bicycle and ended up with an injury to his head. By the age of 10, he started to have epileptic seizures and by the age of 27, the epileptic attacks prevented him from leading and living a normal life. Scovile performed an experimental surgery on H.M’s brain to stop the seizures and even though, they stopped he suffered from amnesia for the rest of his life. The case study of H.M provides information on how
Psychology Essay To what extent does localisation and plasticity contribute to behaviour?
Rachael Gibson Psychology Essay – To what extent does localisation and plasticity contribute to behaviour? The localisation of function in the brain is the specialisation of different areas of the brain for different operations, activities and processes. Brain localisation does contribute to a person’s behaviour in many ways, for there are many different areas and examples. Brain lateralisation is a part of brain localisation, which describes the brain controlling the body contralaterally (controlled by the opposite side of the brain). There is an upside-down organisation, with the lower body areas represented by the top of the cortex, in general. There is also proportional representation, that is the area of the brain localised to a part of the body, is generally a similar proportion of the brain as the part is to the body. A study related to brain localisation is Sperry’s hemispheric deconnection, where he severed the corpus callosum in order to analyse the functions of it. The deconnection prevented communication between the two hemispheres and when the patients were given tactile and visual stimuli to each of the hemispheres, Sperry recorded the results. If visual information was shown to one field, it was remembered only in that field, showing that there is memory storage in each of the hemispheres. If objects were shown in the right visual field, the left