The Effect of Interfering Stimuli on Naming Colours Experiment.
Running Head: INTERFERING STIMULI International Baccalaureate Internal Assessment Standard Learning The Effect of Interfering Stimuli on Naming Colours Allison Gomes Robert E. Lee High School Name Allison Gomes Candidate Number Word Count 1,349 words Date of Submission 5 March 2012 Instructor Biser ________________ Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Method Design Participants: Materials Procedure Results Discussion References Appendices: ________________ Abstract The experiment was conducted to prove if conflicting stimuli is responsible for a delay in the reaction time taken to name colours..This experiment was based on Stroop’s experiment, from which it was mostly replicated. The independent variable is the colour stimulus, or the colour of the ink. The dependent variable was the time taken to name all the colours, or the reaction time. The first test was conducted by providing a chart of words with names colours, written in the same colour of ink (TestC). The second test showed a chart of words with names of colours, written with a different colour of ink (TestE). According to the results, it was more difficult to name the colour of the ink from the second chart than the first. This interference is caused by the introduction of a
To what extent does research into conformity allow us to make predictions on individual behaviour?
Bethan Brady, I.B 1. To what extent does research into conformity allow us to make predictions on individual behaviour? Conformity is the tendency to change your beliefs, attitude or behaviour based on the actions of those around you. There are two main types of conformity-compliance and internalisation. Compliance is where you change your behaviour too fit your peers, although your belief may not change, as shown in Asch’s experiment (the essay will explore this experiment more). Where-as internalisation is where your beliefs change as well as your behaviour. A good example of this is when a person becomes vegetarian because your peers believe that harming animals is wrong. This deep behaviour is what leads to an attitude change. People are believed to conform for two main reasons, too fit into the group they are with(normative influence) and because they believe the rest of the group is more informed than themselves (informational influence). Asch’s experiment was too monitor’s people’s behaviour when the rest of the group gave completely incorrect answers. He believed that showing a clear answer opposed to an ambiguous one would virtually eliminate the chance of conformity. His findings though, did not match his initial predictions. Asch told the participants that they were taking part in an experiment in the study of the perception of line length. In the
Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact
Deprivation is defined as the absence, loss, or withholding of something needed. It is widely believed that if a child were to be deprived of an attachment with a caretaker at an early age, he/she would not be able to develop properly. Attachment is an emotional bond to another person; the theory of attachment was developed by John Bowlby who described it as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings" Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. According to Bowlby, infants need to be physically close to the caregiver to form an enduring emotional bond. Sensitive care giving and consistent responsiveness to the infant’s signals such as crying, smiling or any other physical movement, is fundamental for the infant’s development of secure attachment. Children are biologically preprogrammed to form attachments with others because they know it will most likely help them survive; it is instinctive and is activated by any conditions that may threaten their proximity with the people they bond with, insecurity and fear. In contrast, if caregivers provide insensitive and inconsistent care, babies develop alternative strategies for interaction such as tuning away from caregivers (avoidant attachment), simultaneously seeking and resisting contact (resistant attachment) or
Review of "The Social Animal" by David Brooks
Chris Olson Mr. Berg Ap Psych 29 May 2012 Social Animal Our society has blazoned an important dichotomy, free will versus destiny. Religious groups have been one of the main reasons we have this dichotomy. The other reason is simply how each idea is optimistic in its own way: free will because we actually have the power to decide what we want and there’s nothing else that tempts us and destiny because its nice to know that no matter how bad we screw up in life our final fate cannot get any worse. The problem with this dichotomy is that scientist like David Brooks are telling us neither of these is correct. The Social Animal by David Brooks is another cynical article. Incredibly cynical and as a result, I liked it just about as much as the past two. Brooks shows the reader that there is no such thing as free will. Everything in our personality, our tendencies, and even whom we love is governed absolutely by predictable biological processes in our brain. The implications of this finding are immense. Perhaps in the future we could predict every action and thought by simply taking into account all of the physiological changes that occur in a person. Imagine a world in which a website such as Eharmony could actually predict “true love” with samples of DNA. I fear this realization in humanity because this could put enormous power in hands of the few who could
Factors Influencing Conformity
Learning Outcome 12 ________________ Discuss factors influencing conformity. Most definitions of conformity refer to social norms. It is a type of social influence in which individuals change their attitudes or behavior to adhere to existing social norms. The reason for the change is the results of real or imagined group pressure. What is classified as conforming is when an individual chooses a course or action which is favored by the majority of group members. There has been a number of highly influential and important studies that research conformity to group norms and highlight the different factors that influence conformity. The Asch study can be used to discuss some factors influencing conformity. The aim was to investigate whether perceived group pressure by a majority can influence a minority in an experimental set-up that is not ambiguous. In this study, seven male college students were placed around two white cards on which one of them had three lines (A, B, C) and the other had one line. They had to say out loud which of the three lines on the right had the same length has the line on the left. There was actually only one real participant in the experimental set-up and six were confederates who were previously instructed to give unanimous wrong answers. This was done during 12 of the 18 trials. He also used a control group of 37 participants where those
Schema Theory and Theories of Cognitive Processes
Evaluate schema theory with reference to research studies A schema is a cognitive structure that provides a framework for organizing information about the world, events, people and actions. According to the British psychologist Ferderic Bartlett, he defines schema in short as a mental representation of knowledge. There are multiple types of schemas: scripts that are schemas that provide information about the sequence of events; self-schemas that organize information we have about ourselves and social schemas that represent information about groups of people, which is known as stereotypes. However, what goes into each particular schema is largely dependent on every individual’s cultural. Bartlett has also suggested that memory is not like a tape recorder, but rather that people remember in terms of meaning and what makes sense to them. Therefore, people tend to have problem remembering a story from another culture, and that they would reconstruct the story to fit in with their own cultural schemas. If they story doesn’t make sense, the brain fills in the blanks based on existing schemas, or it simply invents something that seems to fit in, which can result in mistakes – called distortion. An experiment study was carried out, to study the effect of schemas on memory by Bartlett, in 1932. Twenty English participants were asked to read “The War of the Ghosts”, a
Psychology IB Abnormality Notes
ABNORMAL NOTES Discuss the extent to which biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influence abnormal behavior Introduction . What is abnormal behavior, and how it can be looked at under biological, cognitive, and sociocultural viewpoints . Its hard to diagnose and fully diagnose a person as there may be: cultural differences, different cultural beliefs, cultural bound syndromes 2. Hard to classify abnormal, some say abnormal is something away from the normal, so someone who is 2 meters tall is abnormal? . Picture is still mysterious 2. In order to diagnose and treat a person with mental health issues we need to better understand the causes or etiologies of those issues. There are many different explanations for conditions like, for example, depression and eating disorders. Despite the variety of theories and the conflicting evidence that exists about what causes certain illnesses, there are a number of successful, tried and tested treatments based on certain theories. An example of this would be drug treatments, including SSRIs like Prozac for the treatment of major depression. However, not only do many of these treatments spark controversy, there is also no one simple explanation for any type of mental health issue and psychologists/psychiatrists need to take a multi-axial approach to diagnosing and treating people who need help. This multi-axial approach has
Research Project - Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace.
Running head: Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace Emotions Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace Huda Abdalla Ibrahim 200901530 PSY 212 - 501 Zayed University Mercedes Sheen December 13, 2012 Fall Semester 2012 Word count: 1,553 Table of Contents .0 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 2.0 Research Methodology …………………………………………………………… 8 3.0 Results ………………..…………………………………………………………… 9 4.0 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… 15 References ………………………………………………………………………........ 16 Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………… 17 Emotions Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace According to Merriam-Webster website (2012), an emotion is “a conscious mental reaction (anger or fear) subjectively experienced as a strong feeling usually directed toward a specific object and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the body”. On the other hand, intelligence cannot be compared to emotional intelligence (EI) because the latter
Types of Altruism
ALTRUISM Altruism Brittany Jones Psy/490 February 28, 2012 Rebecca Gill ________________ Altruism One memorable act of kindness that I have done in my lifetime was producing a fundraiser for Scripps Mercy cancer center. My mother was fighting cancer at the time of my decision to assemble the event. I planned the fundraiser for six months and set the date to be around mother’s day. The fundraiser was a great success, though my mother passed before the event. The fundraiser became not just an event to support cancer treatment but also to remember the life of a woman who fought without showing how ill she was. Since then I have been working in a hospital, where I do many random acts of kindness on a day-to-day basis. The list varies from helping someone who falls into a seizure to roaming all 12 stories of the hospital to find a patient his or her favorite drink. Though these are acts of kindness, I don’t consider them to be altruistic because they are part of my job description. There are different roles of altruism such as personal, professional, social responsibility, and codependency. Personal altruism is an individual’s own idea of how altruism is measured by how many good deeds they have done. Personal altruism can also be defined as someone doing a good deed because it means something special to them. The fundraiser I threw in honor of my mother would be
Explain social identity theory
November 14, 2012 Psychology essay: SAQ:Explain SIT theory The social identity theory was first developed by Tajfel and his colleagues in 1979, in the context of trying to explain prejudice and discrimination. Prejudice and discriminations are basically a result of stereotypes.Prejudice is an attitude while discrimination is a behavior.According to the Realistic conflict theory by Sherif et al.(1961),prejudice arises as a result of a conflict of interests. Tajfel however disagreed with Sherif and argued that the mere fact of categorization is enough to cause ingroup bias. An example of minimal group experiment ,(an experiment where people are assigned to groups on the basis of very minimal identifications), that explains thoroughly the social identity theory is the following .Tajfel “et al” recorded a study where 14 and 15 year old school boys from Bristol were assigned to one of two groups. They didn’t know the other members of their team . The experimenter led them to believe that they were assigned to groups based on their preference between Klee or Kandinsky .Each of the boys worked on his own trying to make a decision about how to allocate points to a member of their own group and a member of the other group.The results were completely rational and justifiable .The boys showed an ingroup favoritism ,preferring to allocate more points to their ingroup instead of