Case Study Development of Autistic Child
Case Study of development concerning three-year-old male Ashley Hambright University of Phoenix PSYCH 500 Denise Dewhurst January 31, 2010 Case Study of development concerning three year-old male Choosing a child of preschool age to conduct a study is a rather daunting and meticulous task. The child I chose to observe provided immense insight into all aspects of life-span development particular to his age. Interestingly, this child comes from a background of fascinating anomaly. For the purpose of identity, the child is referred to as Mason. Mason is a three-year-old in a family of five children. His mother and father bring to the marriage and family nucleus, each a child of his and her own. The father has a son of age 16 from a previous relationship, and the mother, an eight-year-old son from a previous relationship. The third child in the family, Mason has two half-brothers older than him. Another point of interest with regard to Mason's family, his father is seven years the mother's senior. The mother is 13 years the oldest son's senior; according to the father making it difficult at times for the 16 year old and mother to agree and build their relationship. The eldest son is a typical teenage boy whereas the eight-year-old is diagnosed as ADD and slightly autistic. In the fall of 2008, Mason's parents gave birth to a sister, whom unexpectedly because of
Internal Assessment on Stroop Effect
Table of Contents Abstract..........................................................................................................................3 Introduction...................................................................................................................4 Method...........................................................................................................................6 Results.............................................................................................................................8 Discussion.......................................................................................................................10 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................11 References.......................................................................................................................12 Appendices.......................................................................................................................13 Abstract Following the model of John Ridley Stroop's test, this experiment compared the reaction times of reading words off a card and identifying the color they are printed in. The purpose of this investigation was to understand how conflicting stimuli influence the response. I predicted that such a stimulus would
I am going to talk about cognitive processes of memory and how biological factors may affect the onset of Alzheimers disease.
3. Explain how biological factors affect one cognitive process The mind can be conceptualized as a set of mental processes that are carried out by the brain. Cognition refers to mental processes such as perception, thinking, problem solving, memory, language and attention. Cognition is based on one's mental representations of the world, such as images, concepts and words. Biological factors affect cognitive processes. I am going to talk about cognitive processes of memory and how biological factors may affect the onset of Alzheimer's disease. A distinctly psychological process, memory, is determined to a very great extent by the state of identifiable brain structures like the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and forebrain. Memory is the job of the brain. There are two different models of memory: the multi-store model and the working memory model. The multi-store model of memory was first suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The model is based on two assumptions: firstly, memory consists of a number of separate stores, and secondly, the memory processes are sequential. The model contains several stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Firstly, information enters into sensory memory through our five senses (iconic, echoic, olfactory, gustatory and haptic) where it will stay for a few seconds and is then lost by decay. A very small part of
To what extent is psychodynamic effective in its application to everyday life?
To what extent is psychodynamic effective in its application to everyday life? Psychodynamic is the systematized study and theory of human behaviour emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivation. The original concept of psychodynamic is developed by Freud who believes that id, ego and super-ego are the three parts of psyche; the uncoordinated instinctual trends are the id, the organised realistic part of the psyche is the ego and the critical and moralising function the super-ego. Freud engaged in dream analysis and until his work on them, educated Europeans had thought of dreams as leftovers of the day prior to the dream and dreams were meaningless while other cultures interpreted dreams differently. In his book The Interpretation of Dream, Sigmund Freud suggests that the content of dreams is related to wish-fulfilment, i.e. the id manifests its desires through dreams. One of his the most famous case studies were on Ida Bauer - Dora. Dora was an upper-middle class 18 year girl and her family was composed of father, mother and brother. Father was a dominant figure and was adored by Dora; mother suffered from housewife psychosis (obsessed with order and cleanliness in the household) and brother was emotionally detached from his father. Dora was very intelligent and verbal so she took quickly to free association and seemed to understand Freud's
Env. explanations of learning
Describe and evaluate one of the key concepts - environmental explanations of learning. Environmental explanations of learning can be explained and evaluated through several processes like classical conditioning, social learning theory, and learned helplessness. Each process can be assessed by looking at specific investigations conducted in each area respectively: 'Little Albert' by Watson and Rayner, 'Bashing Bobo' by Bandura and Ross, and 'Mongrel Dogs' by Seligman and Maier. In 1920, two behaviorists, Watson and Rayner, conducted an experiment to explore whether our emotional responses could be classically conditioned. They believed that the roots of the complex stimulus-response relationships were built from several basic unconditioned ones. To test this theory, they attempted to instill a phobia in a 9-month old infant by the name of Little Albert. A hammer was used to strike a steel bar behind the child to produce a loud clanging sound. In response, Albert naturally began to cry. The conditioning process then followed, and a white rat was presented to Albert. Whenever Albert reached out to touch the rat, the bar was struck to produce the clanging sound. He would jump violently and fall forward, whimpering while burying his face in the mattress. Soon, Albert began to withdraw his hand whenever the rat came near him. The process was repeated five times more in one
Psychology Essay-1
Peterson and Peterson (1959) Aims: To prove that things only stay in short term memory for around 20 seconds and then, if it is not rehearsed, it disappears forever. Procedures: Participants were given sets of trigrams to learn and then tested on their recall. They had to recall them after 3, 6, 9, 12 or 18 seconds. They also had an interference task, counting backwards, in threes from a random number. The independent variable was the time delay and the dependant variable was how good the recall was. Findings: After 3 seconds: 80% After 6 seconds: 50% After 18 seconds: Less than 10% Conclusions: They had proved their hypothesis, there was very little left of the trace after approx. 20 seconds. It also proved that there was a distinct difference between the LTM and the STM. Criticisms: It lacks mundane realism because the likelihood of the recall of trigrams in real life probably wouldn't happen. The trigrams are not meaningful. Other research has shown that more meaningful things are remembered. Bahrick et al (1975) Aims: They aimed to test VLTM. They wanted to see whether long term memory was infinite. Procedures: Participants included 392 American ex-high school students aged 17-74. Recall was tested in four ways. ) Free recall of the names of as many of their former classmates. 2) A photo recognition test. 3) A name recognition test. 4) A name and
psych ia SL
A partial replication of Dukes and Bastian study on the recall of Concrete and Abstract Words Psychology Internal Assessment Psychology Standard Level Paul Bao Candidate Number: cxd791 03.04.09 Word Count: Contents Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Method 2 Design 2 Participants 3 Materials/Apparatus 3 Procedure .3 Results 4 Discussion 4 References 5 Appendices 6 Abstract This experiment was conducted to investigate dual-coding in the performance of memory (Pavio, 1969). The experiment was a partial replication of Dukes and Bastian (1966), to establish if a list of concrete words would be better recalled than a list of abstract words in immediate free recall. The participants consisted of 17 students from a selective school in Queensland, all 13 to 16 years of age. The experiment was of a single blind, repeated measures design. Participants were required to view and recall four sets of eight abstract words and four sets of eight concrete words. The dependent variable was the number of words recalled in each set, the independent variable was the type (concrete and abstract) of words recalled. The experimental environment was controlled to ensure the accuracy and validity of the results obtained. The mean recall of the concrete words was 21.41 words, and the mean recall of the abstract words was 16.71 words. These results supported and replicated the
Revision notes on the Development of Moral Behaviour
The Development of Moral Behaviour Notes Moral behaviour is behaviour that is considered right or wrong. . The behaviourist approach to Moral Development. ==> Based on the idea of reinforcement. Parents try and teach their children the difference between right and wrong by offering punishments or rewards. Behaviour that is associated with a pleasant experience will tend to be repeated whilst behaviour that is associated with an unpleasant experience tends not to be repeated. 2. The Social Learning approach to Moral Development. ==> Involves observation and imitation. Children observe other people being rewarded or punished for behaviour and so develop the idea of what is right and wrong from others' experience and imitate the observed behaviour when they are in a similar position. Praise Criticism * Enough evidence to support the principles of the behaviourist approach and the social learning approach so it seems logical to apply these principals to moral behaviour. * The theory can be applied to real life as teaching children the difference between right and wrong is a feature of most societies. * Based on the cognitive approaches to moral development, children seem to pass universal stages of development in their moral reasoning and if that is the case then there is no need to learn the right behaviour. 3. Cognitive Approach to Moral Development Piaget's Stage
Psychology Experiment. The study that is being replicated is the first experiment of J.R. Stroops The Stroop Effect, which involved the effect of interfering color stimuli upon reading names of colors serially.
Introduction In a study of cognitive interference, J. Stroop was able to exemplify that when two stimuli are occurring simultaneously, brains will only be able to respond to one, and thus the verbalization process is compromised. Redding and Gerjets showed that manually responding to stimuli had a greater or lesser effect on the interference, showing that responding manually to a stimulus would be able to occur more quickly while making more errors. The study that is being replicated is the first experiment of J.R. Stroop's The Stroop Effect, which involved the effect of interfering color stimuli upon reading names of colors serially. Mr. Stroop placed colors into two groups; reading colors that were in a color that was not the same as the color of the word themselves, and reading color names printed in black. The result was that participants were able to say the word faster and with less errors in reading words written in black. Less interference allowed the participants to perform better. The aim of this experiment is to show that cognitive interference occurs when someone is faced with two stimuli at the same time. Method Design This experiment used a repeated measures design to show the effect the two different sets of words would have on the ability of a person to verbally respond. This way of experimenting shows the true difference between the times it takes
Media's Impact on Teens' Eating Disorders
A DETAILED STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF MEDIA ON THE BODY IMAGE OBSESSION AND EATING DISORDERS AMONG THE TEENAGERS OF THE 20TH CENTURY Sang Mi Woo 501 154 Psychology Extended Essay World Count: 2183 words Abstract In today's media, messages on the rewards of thinness and the punishments of obesity are everywhere. These unrealistic standards undermine self-image, self-esteem, and teens' physical well-being. And yet, most teenagers are accepting these standards. This paper will examine how psychological and neurological forces aided by media are urging teenagers' bodies toward thinness. The results put teenagers in deadly situations by making them cross the thin line which separates normal dieting from an eating disorder. This study will also take a look at if the media simply reflects the body image of teenagers or if it reinforces and shapes it. Word Count: 102 words Table of Contents Introduction 4 Marketing Thinness to Teenagers 5 Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa 6 Mirror Neurons 6 The Process of Identity Formulation 8 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 11 Introduction People reporting eating problems is not a newly developed trend. Recently, however, the situation has been getting worse, and the number has overwhelmingly increased. This seems inevitable considering how the slim figure has come to represent