Describe and evaluate the historical and cultural conditions that gave rise to the Learning Perspective.

Psychology SL Anandita Puri Sheugnet Carter Essay Question: Describe and evaluate the historical and cultural conditions that gave rise to the Learning Perspective. 5/10/08 Describe and evaluate the historical and cultural conditions that gave rise to the Learning Perspective. Learning perspective is a hypothetical construct, and describes a process that cannot be directly observed, but merely inferred based on observable behavior (Carter, 2008). Behaviorism is dominated by two primary types of conditioning: classical and operant (instrumental). Classical conditioning, which was first developed by Ivan Pavlov, describes the repetition of using a stimulus in order to elicit a desired response. Operant conditioning on the other hand, is based on consequences of actions. For example, if an action is positively reinforced, gradually it becomes learned, and vice versa. In order to examine the birth and development of the learning perspective, it is essential to look at the various theorists, their ideas and contribution to the world of Psychology. Present amongst these behaviorists are conflicts between ideas, development of each others' ideas as well as production of entirely novel ideas. One of the first influential psychologists, René Descartes (1596-1650), much like Plato and Aristotle believed in the concept of nativism. Opposing most behaviorists following his

  • Word count: 2167
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Psychology
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Research Project - Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace.

Running head: Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace Emotions Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace Huda Abdalla Ibrahim 200901530 PSY 212 - 501 Zayed University Mercedes Sheen December 13, 2012 Fall Semester 2012 Word count: 1,553 Table of Contents .0 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 2.0 Research Methodology …………………………………………………………… 8 3.0 Results ………………..…………………………………………………………… 9 4.0 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… 15 References ………………………………………………………………………........ 16 Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………… 17 Emotions Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace According to Merriam-Webster website (2012), an emotion is “a conscious mental reaction (anger or fear) subjectively experienced as a strong feeling usually directed toward a specific object and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the body”. On the other hand, intelligence cannot be compared to emotional intelligence (EI) because the latter

  • Word count: 2127
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Psychology
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IB Psychology Internal Assessment - Learning Perspective

Introduction In observing the school classroom, Bandura's Social Learning Theory was applied. Social Learning Theory was proposed by Bandura and is the theory of learning and development. The theory states that people learn new behavior from one another through reinforcement, imitation, observational learning, or modeling. The general concept or idea of Bandura's Social Learning Theory is that people can learn through observation. - [1977] A study of observational learning by Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961) can be a great example presenting Bandura's Social Learning Theory. The aim of the study was to demonstrate that learning can occur through mere observation of a model, and that imitation can occur in the absence of that model. Design of the method was a laboratory experiment, in which the independent variable (IV) or types of model were manipulated in three conditions as aggressive, non-aggressive, and controlled condition with no model shown. The dependent variable (DV) was the amount of imitative behavior and aggression shown by the children, which are the levels of aggression shown by the children. Matched pairs of 12 boys and 12 girls were assigned to each condition and were observed for both same and opposite sex models. Participants of the study were 36 boys and 36 girls with a mean age of 52 months. The main procedure of the experiment was that the children were

  • Word count: 2105
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Psychology
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Outline the principles of social cultural level of analysis and explain how they maybe demonstrated through researches and theories

OUTLINE PRINCIPLES THAT DEFINE SOCIOCULTURAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS, EXPLAIN HOW PRINCIPLES THAT DEFINE THE SCLOA MAY BE DEMONSTRATED IN RESEARCH THROUGH THEORIES AND STUDIES Sociocultural level of analysis is the study of the role of the individual and its bidirectional effect with a group. Psychologists have recognized that human behavior can only be fully understood if the social context in which the behavior occurred is taken into account .Whether physically present or not ,other people exert profound influences on the ways we think, feel and behave .Throughout this essay we will outline ,that is provide a brief summary of the principles of SCLOA and provide a fundamental understanding of these principles by providing a detailed account of studies with relevant and explicit reasons and causes . The principles that define socio cultural level analysis is that human beings are social animals and have a basic need to belong, being social animals they have a social self. The norms and values that define a society influences their behavior and people’s views of the world are resistant to change. People have a desire to be accepted by others, to belong. Humans experience a need to form and maintain interpersonal relationships and group memberships. This "need to belong" is innate, This is so strong that all too often it makes us behave in a way that surprises us or shocks us.

  • Word count: 2060
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Psychology
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Describe the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour.

) Describe the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour. Attribution is defined as how people interpret and explain causal relationships in the social world. Humans have a need to understand why things happen. From observing other people's actions, people make inferences about intention and responsibility. People tend to make an attribution about behaviour depending on whether they are performing it themselves or observing somebody else doing it. This is known as actor-observer effect. Situational and dispositional factors are often used to explain behaviour at the sociocultural level of analysis. Attributing internal characteristics like personality, attitudes and beliefs as the reasons for people's behaviour is called dispositional attribution. The opposite of that is the situational attribution, which happens when we assign the reasons for people's behaviour to external factors, like social pressure and the immediate rewards and punishments in a specific social setting. In general, personality researchers tend to emphasize dispositional explanations whereas social psychologists show a preference for situational explanations. Attribution theory argues that people are more likely to explain another person's actions by pointing to dispositional factors, rather than to the situation. The two most common errors of attribution are the fundamental

  • Word count: 2057
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Psychology
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The Effect of Interfering Stimuli on Naming Colours Experiment.

Running Head: INTERFERING STIMULI International Baccalaureate Internal Assessment Standard Learning The Effect of Interfering Stimuli on Naming Colours Allison Gomes Robert E. Lee High School Name Allison Gomes Candidate Number Word Count 1,349 words Date of Submission 5 March 2012 Instructor Biser ________________ Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Method Design Participants: Materials Procedure Results Discussion References Appendices: ________________ Abstract The experiment was conducted to prove if conflicting stimuli is responsible for a delay in the reaction time taken to name colours..This experiment was based on Stroop’s experiment, from which it was mostly replicated. The independent variable is the colour stimulus, or the colour of the ink. The dependent variable was the time taken to name all the colours, or the reaction time. The first test was conducted by providing a chart of words with names colours, written in the same colour of ink (TestC). The second test showed a chart of words with names of colours, written with a different colour of ink (TestE). According to the results, it was more difficult to name the colour of the ink from the second chart than the first. This interference is caused by the introduction of a

  • Word count: 2034
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Psychology
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OUT OF BODY EXPERIENCES PSYCHOLOGY HL EXTENDED ESSAY

David hager Out of Body Experiences Exploring the controversy of how they are induced, and to what extent are they real Out of Body Experiences: Exploring the Controversy of how they are Induced, and to what extent do they exist IB Extended Essay 2 October 2012 Word Count: ????? ABSTRACT Out of Body Experiences have been a controversial topic, over the years to the extent of two questions. Do they exist? And how are they caused? Commonly out of body experiences are practices practiced by those one would call “hippies”. However statistics show 1out of 10 people have had an out of body experience (obe) in there life time, in a response experiences where human brain function is compromised ie: hallucination’s from drug abuse, and brain disorders such as epilepsy. OBE have also been reported in cases of physical abuse, as well as near death, and traumatic experiences. Though there are many experienced accounts of people experiencing out of body experiences there has not been a solid scientific proven experiment that allots results that confirm the existence of out of body experience, and whether or whether not they can be self induced. This information formulates questions concerning , to what extent do out of body experiences exist, and how OBE’s be induced? The scope of my investigation through finding the answers to my provided questions , will explore, what

  • Word count: 2022
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Psychology
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IB Psychology HL Take Home Final - The biological level of anaylsis. Most human traits show influence by more than one gene pair. Psychological traits are likely to depend on multiple genes; any single gene would influence many different behaviors.

Maham Ahmed Period 5 IB Psychology HL Take Home Final The Biological Level of Analysis . Complex human behavior is not caused by a single gene. Using high tech methods, researchers have identified the sequence of nearly all 3 billion units of DNA and have been able to determine the boundaries between genes and how the genes are arranged on the chromosomes. Even when the researchers located a gene, they were not right away aware of its role in physical or psychological functioning. Locating a gene was the first step in understanding what the gene is and how it works. Also due to the media reports some implied that some gene would be the only one which shows involvement in a complex psychological ability or trait, for example being shy or smart. Most human traits show influence by more than one gene pair. Psychological traits are likely to depend on multiple genes; any "single" gene would influence many different behaviors. 2. There is in fact a genetic/environmental correlation. During cell division if an error occurs in the copying of the original DNA sequence, genes can change spontaneously, and during the formation of one member of a chromosome pair to another, prior to the final cell division. As genes spontaneously mutate and recombine during the production of sperm and eggs, new genetic variations and new traits arise. In a particular environment, individuals

  • Word count: 2019
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Psychology
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Using empirical evidence examine the concepts of normality and abnormality

Using Empirical Evidence examine the concepts of normality and abnormality. Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that deals with studying, explaining and treating mental, emotional and behavioral problems. One of the most difficult issues in this area is the definition of abnormality. Although people make judgments about what is abnormal, these are influenced by social and cultural factors. Definitely, the distinction between what is abnormal and what is normal is very difficult, and looking at different common interpretations of abnormality accentuates this problem. Moreover, there is empirical evidence that shows that it is quite hard to confidently characterize a behavior as abnormal. An interpretation of normality that depends on literal meaning assumes there is such a thing as average behavior, or behavior that most frequently occurs in particular situations. Hence, any behavior that is not statistically frequent and deviates from the statistical average is considered as abnormal. Researchers who take a statistical approach assess how characteristics are distributed in the general population, meaning they create a normal distribution curve. This is a bell shaped curve where most people score around the middle in any given population. However, there are limitations regarding this definition of abnormality. First of all, there are problems deciding how

  • Word count: 1984
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Psychology
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Psychology IA Sociocultural Investigation. Do children have a preference of talking to other children with the same ethnicity?

Year 11 Psychology HL Practise Internal Assessment Do children have a preference of talking to other children with the same ethnicity? Name: Jennie Liu Date of Submission: 16th May 2012 Number of Words: 1499 Abstract ________________ The aim of this study was to observe whether Asian and Caucasian preparatory children in one class of a school in Hong Kong (Australia International School HK) had a preference of talking to children of the same ethnicity. It was predicted that the children has a preference of talking to children with the same ethnicity. This study was a replication of another study conducted by researchers from Concordia University and the University of Montreal. Twelve children (six Caucasians and six Asians) of the class were observed and a tally was drawn up for the number of Asian and Caucasian children they talked to. The results were different to the study that this study was replicated from and the hypothesis was not supported. The results showed that the children did not have a preference of talking to other children with the same ethnicity. In fact, some children even talked to more with a different ethnicity. Therefore, the culture and ethnicity of the preparatory children did not affect whom they preferred to interact and talk with. Introduction ________________ This study is a replication of another study conducted in 2011 on

  • Word count: 1947
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Psychology
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