To What Extent Is Memory A Reliable Process?
To What Extent Is Memory A Reliable Process? IB HL2 Psychology Jesseril Suriawinata Mr. Parker Period 2 Memory is the process of organizing the arrangement of information acquired through personal experience. Given the roles that schema play, memories can be reliable, as people tend to hold vivid detail in the events of their activated schema. The retrieval and encoding of memory is, however, subjected to change over time through reconstruction and is therefore doubtful in its accuracy. The reliability of memory is supported by schema theory. Schema is the cognitive framework of organized knowledge, which aids in the understanding and information processing of new situations or otherwise. Anderson and Pichert (1978)’s study investigated the influence of schema on memory in encoding and retrieval stage. They presented a story of two boys who decided to stay home on a school day. Participants either had to interpret it in a house buyer or burglar perspective. They were then told to do a recall test of the house’s characteristics. Those who had a potential house buyer perspective recalled the leaky roof while the burglar perspective recalled the antique coin collection. The participants later switched viewpoints. They found that participants were able to recall characteristics that were not consistent with their activated schema in the first trial. These results
To What Extent Can Music Improve a Child's Intelligence?
Psychology Extended Essay: To What Extent Can Music Improve and Develop Intelligence in Children? Tanya Z. Waqanika City and Islington Sixth Form College Psychology The Effect Music has on the Brain Word Count: 3781 Date: February 27th 2014 Abstract This essay consists of an investigation of To What Extent Can Music Improve and Develop Intelligence in Children. As the ‘Mozart Effect’ suggested the notion that music could improve spatial intelligence temporarily, it also brought into question whether music could also improve and develop other types of intelligence. The focus of this essay was therefore to determine if music did improve intelligence in children at all, which specific types of intelligence it improved and the extent to which it made an improvement. This investigation looked at how music affected linguistic intelligence, mathematical intelligence and IQ in children. I have used a combination of scientific and psychological journals, psychology textbooks and online resources in order to determine the ways in which music could improve each area of intelligence. I will also be investigating whether music actively causes these intelligences to develop and improve or if a predisposition to higher intelligences causes a child to be more inclined to take up and persist with music instruction instead. Throughout the research of this investigation, I was
Anger management as a method of treating offenders
Anger management as a method of treating offenders Anger management is a cognitive-behavioural technique based on a model by Ray Novaco (1975). Novaco describes anger as a strong emotion with physiological behavioural and cognitive elements. Anger management teaches relaxation techniques to deal with physiological response to anger e.g. increased heart rate) cognitive restructuring to retain thought patterns and time out or assertiveness training to deal with the behavioural element of anger. There are three steps: . Cognitive preparation Offenders identify situations that provoke anger so they can recognise when an aggressive outburst is likely to occur. Thought pattern are challenged, for example, if they become angry when lauged at, they might work through alternative conclusions such as people are laughing at the behaviour not them. They also consider the negative consequence of their anger on others. 2. Skill acquisition New coping skills are learnt to help deal with anger-provoking situations, such as “stop and think” or counting. Relaxation techniques are also learnt to help calm the physiological response. Assertiveness training can help deal with the issue constructively rather than violently. 3. Application practise Offenders role-play a variety of scenarios to practise new skills to control anger. These are conducted in controlled environments so that
Stroop Effect
The Stroop Effect Name: Moe Moe Win Candidate Number: 000040-288 Psychology Higher Level Type of Study: Experimental Instructor: Mrs. Carter Word Count: 1940 Date of Submission: May, 2010 Table of Content Page Abstract......................................................3 Introduction.................................................4 Hypotheses Method...................................................... 5 Design Participants Materials Procedure Result.......................................................6 Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Discussion..................................................7 Conclusion Reference...................................................9 Appendices Appendix I (Consent Letter)...................10 Appendix ii (Standardized Instruction).......11 Appendix iii (Word List)......................12 Appendix iv (Raw Data)......................13 Appendix v (Statistical Calculation)...........14 Appendix vi (Debriefing).....................15 Abstract The researcher will base John Ridley Stroop's experiment called the Stroop Effect in this experiment. It will be a modified experiment of the stroop effect experiment. The Stroop effect is an important base study to elaborate on more studies such as selective attention, speed
Internal Assessment : Loftus and Palmer Study
Experiment on leading questions after an event Miroslav Cuculiza (001102-055) IB Psychology SL 4/2/11 Word Count:1203 Table of Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................2 Introduction.......................................................................................3 Methods...........................................................................................4 Results.............................................................................................5 Discussion........................................................................................6 References.......................................................................................7 Appendix i.........................................................................................8 Appendix ii.........................................................................................9 Appendix iii......................................................................................10 Abstract The experiment was intended to study memory whether or not can be influenced changed after it's formed. The aim of the study was to investigate eyewitness change in memory after supplied information after an event. The method consists of being and independent measure design , it has opportunity sampling within the
Is eyewitness testimony reliable?
Eyewitness Testimony as a source of reliable evidence In relation to cognitive psychology, is eyewitness testimony reliable in today’s judicial system? Word Count: 3944 ABSTRACT Is eyewitness testimony a reliable source of evidence in today’s judicial system? Many jurors tend to pay close attention to eyewitness testimony assuming that what they hear is exactly as it happened. They ignore the psychology behind remembering an event. Our brain is a complex structure and it is difficult to absorb every stimulus in our surrounding. We pay great attention to some aspects of a situation while completely ignoring others. It is advisable for expert psychologists to be present during a court case that involves eyewitness testimony, as they are more aware of its flaws. We store information in schemas and when we gain new knowledge it is altered in order to fit these schemas. Leading psychologists such as Elizabeth Loftus, Neil Bartlett and Yullie & Cutshall have carried out research in order to demonstrate how our memory can be altered by psychological factors such as leading questions, reconstructive memory and weapon focus. This research paper contains a vast number of experiments and studies done in order to illustrate the unreliability of our memory and whether courts should rely on eyewitness testimony as a prime source. Age and gender also serve as factors that influence
Psychology- Internal Assessment
Internal assessment Experiment 1- the empathy-altruism model, in Boston et al (1981) the aim of this experiment was to prove two types of emotions that affect someone when seeing an other person suffering. Procedure: In Batson's classic experiment, students where asked to listen to tapes of an interview with a student named Carol. She talked about her struggles, and how far she was falling behind at school. Students were each given a letter, asking them to meet with Carol and share lecture notes with her. The experimenter varied the level of empathy, telling one group to try to focus on how Carol was feeling (high empathy level), while members of the group were told they did not need to concerned with her feeling (low empathy level). The experimenters also varied the cost of not helping. The high-cost group was told that Carol would be in their psychology class when she returned to school. The low-cost group believed Carol would finish the class at home. The two emotions previously mentioned were personal distress (like anxiety and fear) and empathetic concern (sympathy, compassion, tenderness). Findings: The result confirmed the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Those in the high-empathy group0 were almost equally likely to help Carol in either set of circumstances, while the low-empathy group helped out of self-interest. Thinking about seeing her in class every day