Bobo Doll Experiment write up.
The Bobo Doll Experiment. The Bobo Doll experiment was performed by Albert Bandura in 1961, to explore the notion that all human behaviour is learnt through social imitation and not through gene inheritance. Bandura selected a number of children from the local school varying in ages from 3-6,he picked 36 children of each sex. The control group which consisted of 12 boys and 12 girls would not see a role model at all. The second group, which would be exposed to an adult showing aggressive tendencies, was similarly made up of 24 children of either sex. Both of the remaining groups of 12 were further divided; half would be tested with a female role model, half with a male role model. The third group was structured in exactly the same way as the second, the only difference being that they would be exposed to a passive adult. For the Bobo Doll Experiment, it was necessary to pre-select and sort the children, to try and ensure that there was an even spread of personality types across the test groups; some subjects already known to be more aggressive in personality than others. The Bobo Doll Experiment began by placing one of the children from the test groups in a room with an adult. The subject sat in one corner of the room, with appealing toys to play with, such as potato prints and sticker activities. The adult sat in the other corner of the room, with toys, as well as a
Evaluate Social Learning Theory
The Social Learning Theory was first introduced by Albert Bandura. This type of learning is also known as Observational learning. Social learning occurs by the process of observing a model behaving a certain way, and then replicating that behavior. This theory was a very important contribution to psychology because it explained how behavior was learnt simply by observation. This theory has both advantages and limitations. A strength of this theory is that it explains some behavior that is not explained by classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning by association, while operant conditioning is learning by consequences. This aspect of the theory can evidently be seen in the “Bobo Doll Experiment” carried out by Bandura in 1961. In this experiment the participants consisted of 36 boys and 36 girls, all aged 3 to 6. The children were then divided into three groups of 24, with 12 boys and 12 girls in each group. The children were examined beforehand so that there was an even spread of personalities across the groups. The first group was the control group. The second group was the aggressor group. And the third group was the passive group. In the three conditions, the children were put in the corner of a room with toys that they could not touch. In the control condition, there was no adult model in the room. In the aggressive condition there was a
Explain one psychological or social question from the cognitive perspective
Explain one psychological or social question from the cognitive perspective One psychological question, which may be explained using the cognitive approach is aggression. Aggression being the social question may be defined as any form of behavior directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment. The cognitive approach is concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, and use information. There are different types of aggression. The first being instrumental aggression and the second hostile aggression. Instrumental aggression is linked to the behaviorist explanation of aggression. Where as hostile aggression is connected with the cognitive explanation of aggressive behavior. A key concept in cognitive psychology which can be applied to the explanation of aggressive behavior is priming. According to the cognitive perspective priming is an phenomenon whereby a thought or memory increases the activation of associated thoughts or memories. When aggression is explained with priming it is assumed that aggression can be primed in an individual. Berkowitz and LePage (1967) conducted a study 'weapons effect' investigating the effect of priming on aggression. The study found that angered participants gave more shocks to their experimental partner when they were exposed to weapons than when they were not exposed to
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder, which causes the victim to be unable to tell the difference between reality and non-reality experiences, unable to think reasonably, unable to have normal emotional responses, and unable to act normally in public situat
Schizophrenia: A Disorder of Illusion and Reality Ryan Mathews, Dominic Nguyen, and David Poretto Coach Hailey Health Period 2 0 October 2009 Schizophrenia: A Disorder of Illusion and Reality Schizophrenia is a mental disorder, which causes the victim to be unable to tell the difference between reality and non-reality experiences, unable to think reasonably, unable to have normal emotional responses, and unable to act normally in public situations. The name "schizophrenia" was derived from Greek roots. "Schizo" means "split", and "phren" means mind in Greek. The main causes of schizophrenia are from genetic vulnerability and social and environmental risk factors. Schizophrenia usually runs in families, in which relationship is essential in determining the risk of attaining schizophrenia. If an identical twin has schizophrenia, then the other twin has a 48 percent chance of developing schizophrenia also. On the contrary, if a first cousin has schizophrenia, then he or she has a 2 percent chance of developing schizophrenia. Social and environmental factors are important because it may influence the emotional and physical body changes of teen undergoing puberty or hormonal changes in ways such as viruses, poor social interaction with others, and high stress. Schizophrenia normally occurs in people in their teenage years or in their twenties and thirties.
Historical and Cultural factors that gave rise to the Biological Perspective
* Describe and evaluate the cultural context and development of the biomedical model The biological perspective of psychology has its roots in the ancient times, and more specifically in the civilizations of Ancient Egypt and Greece. Ancient Egyptians believed that damage to a specific region of the brain would change bodily functioning. Hippocrates saw the brain as an organ of intellect that controlled the senses and movement. Galen supported that personality and temperament are closely linked to the levels of body fluids such as blood. Additionally, trepanation, the practice of removing brain parts, was frequent in various religious ceremonies in many ancient cultures. Important personalities came to significant conclusions about brain and bodily functions. Rene Descartes found that the brain is responsible for a reflex to an environmental stimulation. Gall introduced the concept of localization of functions, supporting that each brain region is responsible for different tasks. Penfield, based on Gall's assumption, studied the role of various areas of the cerebral cortex through microelectrode stimulation with conscious patients. Finally, Helmholtz investigated the significance of speed of conduction nerves. With the arrival of the 20th century neuroscientists began to understand how the brain works. More specifically, Santiago Ramon y Cajal found that the nervous system is
Notes on brain scanning - PET and FMRI (Fictional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
PET What is it and how does it work? A PET (Position emission topography) scan monitors glucose metabolism in the brain. The patient is injected with a harmless dose of radioactive glucose, and the radioactive particles emitted by the glucose are detected by the PET scanner. The scans produce colored maps of brain activity. Strengths and advantages The PET scan has been used to diagnose abnormalities like tumors, or changes as in Alzheimer’s; to compare brain differences in normal individuals and in those with psychological disorders (neural activity is different in people with schizophrenia); and to compare sex differences. The greatest advantage of PET (compared to MRI) is that it can record ongoing activity in the brain, such as thinking. It helped neuroscientists to develop methods to detect the signs of Alzheimer’s disease. It is a useful tool in screening for Alzheimer’s in people who do not yet show any symptoms of the disease. Allows researchers to look at cross-sectional “slices” of the brain, and therefore observe deep brain structures, which earlier techniques like EEGs could not. Disadvantages, limitations or concerns Because the doses of radiotracer administered are small, diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures result in relatively low radiation exposure to the patient, acceptable for diagnostic exams. Thus, the radiation risk is very low
According to the National Research Council, discrimination has a two-part definition: a) different treatment based on an individuals race and b) different treatment based on inadequately justified factors other than race
Discrimination According to the National Research Council, discrimination has a two-part definition: a) different treatment based on an individual's race and b) different treatment based on inadequately justified factors other than race -for example , to treat with an unfair way to an individual due to his political beliefs , gender, economical and social status -( Devine, 1989). Discrimination can occur in two levels: a) in a personal level -when the individual develops stereotypical beliefs for the members of a community, engage into a violent behavior against them and considers his social/ethical group superior to other groups - (Devine, 1989). b) in a group level : when a group of people or an organization give less opportunities/privileges or behave with an insulting way to individuals, who belong to a particular age/Race/religion/ group etc , which the group members consider inferior to them (Allport ,1954). The psychological explanations about discrimination include the following theories: a) Genetic predispositions. The individuals who are prejudiced might have a particular personality type known as "the authoritarian personality "(Adorno,1950).The authoritarians personalities have a set of inflexible and rigid beliefs ,which make them to immediately reject or act against to individuals with different values/ethics/ cultures and ethnicity (Adorno,1950).
Lack of sleep and recklessness in gamblers.
Good afternoon, everyone! My name is Tran Ngoc Thuy Linh and it is my pleasure to be here to talk about one of very common health problem in our normal life - lack of sleep and in my talk today, I will be focusing in how lack of sleep make for a more reckless bet. Insomnia or normaly called lack of sleep, I think all of us know the meaning of this word. According to scientist, 8 hours is the best timing-period for a good all day sleep. Less than 8 hours, that is lack of sleep, and more than that, we call lazy. There is no single cause for lack of sleep. For most of us, it's a bit hard to pinpoint what cause a bad sleep. Well, recent research has found that there are at least 5 major cause and they can be either singular or more than two. . Anxiety and stress. 2. Working in shifts, life habits - this can be a serious trigger to a lack of sleep. Not everybody is affected by it, but more sensitive people's lives can be impacted in a way that lack of sleep is a sad outcome 3. The usual suspect: tea, coffee, alcohol and cigarettes. 4. Medicine. 5. Old age. It is a fact that the older one gets less sleep they need, but it is usually turn to serious sleep problem because of the lack of a particular hormone in the body called melatonin. Melatonin pills can be bought over the counter at any pharmacy; however they should get advisable from doctor. There are so many effects
Psychological Analysis and the Psychology of Sales Technique
Zakeel Muhammad Unit #1 Test Biological level of analysis: One principle that defines the biological level of analysis is that behavior can be inherited. This L.O.A assumes that people may have genetic predispositions towards particular behaviors. One major way of researching this principle are twin studies. The most known research study being the Minnesota Twin Study. The conclusion of this study was that identical twins(even when separated) were extremely similar in terms of personality, interests, and attitude. Cognitive level of analysis: One ethical consideration related to once research study was Consent on Milgram’s 1963 experiment on obedience to authority figures. Consent refers to the face that participants must be informed about the actual study and the nature of the study in addition to agreeing to participate. But, the problem with consent is that sometimes when the individual experimented on knows the details, it can jeopardize the objective of the study. But, in this specific case, Milgram had participants agree to take part in an experiment on learning, instead of the real objective which was obedience. Sociocultural level of analysis: One particular method used at the sociocultural level of analysis is experimentation. This refers to the practice of manipulating variables to generate statistically analyzable data. One of the main principles of the
Shift work and circadian rhythms
Shift work and circadian rhythms Recent technological advances have meant that it is now possible for people to be 'active' for 24 hours. According to Coren (1996) we now sleep approximately one and a half hours less than we used to 90 years ago, and we are permanently in a mild state of sleep deprivation. Shift work There are many institutions such as hospitals, factories and airports that are open 24 hours a day, and many supermarkets are following this trend. The majority of these institutions work 8 or 12-hour shift cycles, which involve their employees going against their biological clocks (shift workers are those which work outside of the 'normal' day). Shift workers often have digestive problems and insomnia. They become tired, irritable, and can suffer from depression. It is not just lack of sleep that causes these problems, but a general disruption in their circadian rhythms (e.g. body temperature). Research has found that body temperature is slow to change, and seems to adjust after three weeks. Heart rate and blood pressure change more quickly. The internal disagreement between circadian rhythms can cause physiological problems. In addition to this, it is harder for night shift workers to get the same amount and quality of sleep as day workers. This is due to the fact that there is much more noise during the day, making it even harder to sleep when one's