How far do Trotsky(TM)s own misjudgments account for his failure in the power struggle which followed Lenin(TM)s death?

"How far do Trotsky's own misjudgments account for his failure in the power struggle which followed Lenin's death?" Following Lenin's death in 1924, a power vacuum appeared for the leadership of the Communist Party in Russia. A collective leadership was proclaimed, however competition for individual authority between Trotsky, Stalin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky led to a fierce struggle for power, ending in Stalin's triumph and the beginning of his tenure as the leader of the Communist Party. The strongest contenders in the power struggle were Stalin and Trotsky, however a number of unfortunate decisions and lack of support on Trotsky's part, coupled with Stalin's tactics and power base, led to Trotsky's defeat and exile. It was the latter of the two factors that contributed more to Trotsky's ultimate failure, due to the fact that Stalin's initial position was stronger, and his opportunism allowed him to take advantage of Trotsky's misjudgments, thereby allowing him to take power. However, it is worth noting that the term 'misjudgments' is relative to the historian, since a number of Trotsky's unsuccessful decisions were deliberately made to avoid certain outcomes, therefore cannot accurately be termed 'misjudgments'. Trotsky, although he had a limited power base made up of mostly radicals and students, was in a position of adequate leverage immediately

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  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Effect of substrate concentration on catalase activity (Biology IA)

Title Effect of substrate concentration on catalase activity Aim To prove that at different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, the rate of catalase activity in chicken liver differs. Hypothesis When chicken liver is exposed to hydrogen peroxide, the higher the concentration of the solution, the faster the activity of catalase because the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide increases when its concentration is higher (in the presence of chicken liver). Variables Independent Variables * Concentration of hydrogen peroxide Dependent Variables * Time taken for coloured liquid to rise by 5cm against different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Controlled Variables * Amount of chicken liver used - cubes cut with a scalpel to approximately 1cm x 1cm x 1cm * Amount of hydrogen peroxide used - 5cm3 measured with a syringe before addition to the chicken liver * Temperature of liver (not controlled) * Age of liver (not controlled) * Source of liver (not controlled) Materials and Apparatus Materials: Apparatus: * 6x Chicken Liver Pieces - 1cm x 1cm x 1cm * 5% Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (5cm3) * 4% Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (5cm3) * 3% Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (5cm3) * 2% Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (5cm3) * 1% Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (5cm3) * 0.5% Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (5cm3) * Coloured Liquid * Distilled Water * 3x 20cm3 Syringes * 1x

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  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Biology
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Analysis of an extract from Chapter 3 of Arundhati Roy's "The God of Small Things".

This document is an extract from the novel entitled The God of small things written by an Indian author called Arundhati Roy . She's a famous novelist , activist and a world critizen . Moreover , she's well known for her writings criticizing the Indian society . Thanks to her first novel The God of Small Things she won the Booker Prize in 1997 when this novel was published . The text studied comes from the chapter 3 . The scene takes place in October 1962, Ammu was eight months pregnant. The War against China began and people were being evacuated, but Ammu was too pregnant to flee . When the twins were two years old, Baba was drunk most of the time. His English boss, Mr. Hollick, told him his job was in trouble but that they could work something out if Baba went out of town and let Mr. Hollick sleep with Ammu. But Ammu didn't agree with this plan , Babe knocked her down then passed out from being tired and drunk . Then , Ammu took the heaviest book and beat him . This scenario repeated itself a few times, and finally Ammu took the kids and left. At the end Pappachi didn't believe Ammu's story because he couldn't believe that English people can have bad behaviour . Firstly , I'm going to talk to you about Baba's alcoholism . My second part deals with Sexual harrasment . Later , the third part is about the divorce As I Said before on my summary , this part is

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  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: World Literature
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Medea Reflection. When I first read the play Medea, I did not have any sort of sympathy for Medea herself.

Status' of Women in Ancient Greece Euripides has been known for writing about women in his plays. In his plays, he shows women trying to redeem their social status in their said country. When I first read the play Medea, I did not have any sort of sympathy for Medea herself. Yes I may have learnt the history of Ancient Greece a long time ago, but when reading the play, the historiography was not there with me. For example, when Jason travels to Colchis to find the Golden Fleece, Medea falls in love with him and helps him. When read without any historical context in mind, it seems as if they will be a good couple, love at first sight; analyses like these come into mind. But after reviewing the historical context, we need to remember that men had not respect for women in ancient Greece times, they regarded them as worthless. While learning this information, I had an epiphany that I should have realized the bad circumstances that are about to fall upon Medea from the first couple of lines. For another example, when there was a rumour that the King of Corinth is going to ban Medea and her children, at that point, I said to myself "good for her", because at that time I put myself in the Kings feet and concluded that if a woman is making trouble in my area, then she should be removed. But then again, as a king I only want my country or area to prosper. But after I found out that

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  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: World Literature
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Pro-Natalist China's population policy

Introduction: China has the largest world population, and with most of its cities densely populated. It has a policy which is most recognizable globally, as it is the most rigid compared to any other countries, this policy admits only one child per couple, and due to this fact it is named as "One Child Policy." s Background information on the Population: What was the problem? Due to the high fertility rate, numerous disasters such as pressure on resources (water, food, medical care, and housing) and a virus such as SARS will not spread as fast if the population in China declines. Causes of High Fertility rate: Before 1949, before the communists came into power, china was at stage 1 of demographic transition model, and had between 5-8 children per family. By the time, birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate were all relatively high, and with a low life expectancy. This shows that the population was increasing at an extremely slow rate. Consequently, large families were encouraged, as the government followed a pro-natalistic population policy. 0 years later in 1960, there was a dramatic increase in population with approximately 100 million people more; this determined a change in demographic transition model from first to second stage. In addition, as a result, there were improvements made in some medical services. Due to the death of Mao in 1976, the government

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  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Geography
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Symbols employed in "The American Beauty" and their effects

Implications of the Roses in "American Beauty" The rose has long been used as an archetype in literature and films. This flower is the manifestation of absolute beauty for artist in different genres and cultures but also symbolizes love and romance presented in the most primitive way of human nature. In the film "American Beauty", the symbol of rose is weaved in throughout the movie and is used not only to manifest the aspects of beauty but also reveals each unique character and their role in society. The rose is first seen in the beginning of the film with the accompaniment of Lester's narration about his life and family relations. Alan Ball employs the roses in the beginning scene as a symbol for power and success which she tries to pursuit in her career and family. We see Carolyn taking care of the roses in the garden and with the absence of Lester while she is socializing with the neighbors; the audience realizes that she is the dominant figure in the family. The fact that the neighbor is praising the beauty of the roses indicates that Carolyn is the iconic figure in the Burnham family and that she is recognized as an important and successful person in society. The success Carolyn has in her life, portrayed by the beauty of the roses, further highlights Lester's lack of masculinity in both society and family, establishing the two contrasting characters right at the

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  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Drama
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Compare and Contrast the Policies of Alexander II and Alexander III

Abhishek Puri History- HL 20/08/2009 Compare and Contrast the policies of Alexander II and Alexander III Tsar's Alexander II and his son, Alexander III had different an entirely different ideology when it came to the question of reform. On one hand, Alexander II was a liberalist, this reflects in his reforms which include the Emancipation of the Serfs in 1861- where twenty to thirty million serfs were emancipated on private estates and also domestic households and also the abolishment of capital punishment. Other reforms of Alexander II included the founding of the Zemstva- a system of local self-government. On the other hand, successor Alexander III had a conservative ideology. He believed in the doctrines of Nationalism, Eastern Orthodoxy and autocracy. Alexander III often questioned his father's reforms, which he thought were too liberal and diminish the power of autocratic leadership of the country. After his accession of the throne, Alexander III started a wave of "anti-reforms", as he reversed his father's liberal reforms. Tsars Alexander II and Alexander III differed on the level of Foreign policy, Judicial and Educational Reforms but they shared a sense of Russian Nationalism. Both Tsars Alexander II and Alexander III had different view points on Foreign Policy. Alexander II pushed for military conquests and urged annexation of the nearest countries to augment

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  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Comparison of emma and charls in madame bovary

Madame Bovary Similarities and differences of Emma and Charles In the first part of the novel, Madame Bovary, written by Gustave Flaubert, there are two main characters introduced to us; Emma Rouault and Charles Bovary. These two characters marry and become the "Bovary's". They both have interesting characteristics that lead to being opposing characters. In part one, we come across several descriptions of appearance, personality, education, background, and attitudes; that help us analyze these. The novel starts off with an introduction of what type of person Charles was during his childhood at school and what his classmates thought of him. Since a very young age, Charles had always been a very educated and respectful person towards others but always showed to be very insecure. He was described as "[...] country lad [...] taller than any of us (pg15)". Therefore you can see that his class mates didn't really accept him because he was different as for his physical appearance, character and style of dressing. The narrator talks to the reader as a school mate which sat in his class and observed him very carefully, he is also described as a forgettable child which shows that his presence didn't remain in people's minds. During his school years, Charles tried his best to attain the best results he could as he had never received a primary education- They "[...] postponed sending

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  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: World Literature
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Outline the causes and effects of one movement of labour from one region to another.

Charis Ow Mr Ben Hough Global Interactions - HL extension Economic interactions and flows Outline the causes and effects of one movement of labour from one region to another. Unemployment has been a serious issue occurring in many regions such as South Asia, where population is growing rapidly and its undeveloped economies -further elevating unemployment rates. Over the years, individuals struggle to look for suitable occupations up to the extent of migrating overseas due to many reasons. There are many causes of the movement of labour from one region to another -one of them is the low wages from their origin which pushes them to look for a better one as it does not pay well enough for them to support their families. For example, LEDCs such as India and Bangladesh would opt for a better lifestyle as they commonly perceive that working overseas would help them to live a more improved lifestyle. In addition to that, labour workers might find that there are better paid wages in other regions such as South East Asia and the Americas so that they could support their family -providing better food and necessities. Besides that, rapid economic development in these MEDCs attracts labour workers to migrate overseas as they believe the economy is more stable and there will be fewer fluctuations of inflation rates so that they would have less risky and long-term jobs. This

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  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Geography
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IB BIOLOGY INTERNAL POTATO OSMOSIS

Aim: To investigate the effect of changing solute concentrations on the process of osmosis in potato chip of a given size. Hypothesis: I predict that as the solute concentration increases, the mass of the potato will decrease because due to osmosis, water has the tendency of flowing to an area of low concentration from an area of high concentration, and as the solute concentrations increase, there will be a lower concentration of water in the solution, hence the potato mass will decrease. The independent variable in this experiment will be the solute concentrations. Water and sugar solutes of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.8 mols -1 will be used in the experiment The dependent variable in this experiment will be the mass of the potato chips after osmosis compared to before the osmosis. There are several controlled variable worth mentioning. Make sure all potato chips used are of the same length, by measuring each with a ruler. Use only solid, whole potato chips, check the solidity by observing each chip. Measure the quantity of solutes used with a measuring cylinder, and measure at eye level to obtain accurate measurements, use the same amount of solute for all types of concentrations. Control the time period allowed for osmosis, by timing with an electronic timer from the exact moment the chips are placed in the solutes. The cups used for the solutes must be completely dry before

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  • Word count: 1975
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Biology
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