The Wild Side of North American Prehistory

Fantastic Archaeology The Wild Side of North American Prehistory By. Stephen Williams Anthropology 100: Dr. Herb Mashner The American public's interest in the fantastic secrets locked away in the new found North American was at it height in the early 1800s. There were many people wiling to step up and fill the public's taste of adventure and mystery buried in their neighboring hills. The people couldn't get enough of the fantastic. These were the days of the traveling freak shows and snake oil salesmen. This national atmosphere was conducive to accepting almost any purported archaeological discovery, no matter how absurd. The American public and some enthusiastic members of the archaeological field have been too anxious to accept the fantastic findings as truth. Many times they blindly accept these revelations even in the face of obvious debunking. During the Pre-Civil War era there was a considerable interest toward the remarkable findings, providing glimpses into this nations history. "'Humbug' consists in putting on glittering appearances ... by which to suddenly arrest public attention." P.T. Barnum P.T. Barnum was one of the most recognizable hoaxers. He is considered a master in the art of "Humbuggery." His exploits took him around the country displaying his "discoveries." In one of Barnum's sideshows he produced an elderly black women (Joice Heth)

  • Word count: 2112
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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What is a city? Short essay.

Neil Morbey, PLYMOUTH, 11/08/82 What is a city? Short essay. When I think of a city, I get the image of the city centre. A mass of buildings, roads, people and jobs. If I were to start to describe it, that is how I'd start. It is a place where people live, work, play, travel to and generally do things. I think the dictionary states that a city must have a cathedral to be classed as a city. But I think a city is not just defined by it's architecture and physical form. That is just one part of it: Every city has character- defined by the architecture of the buildings, the density of them, the skyline, the open spaces, the green areas and the colours and textures used. Using these recognisable characteristics anyone could point and tell you "that is what a city is" but then a city is much more. The others are the things that make up a city are less tangible and harder to describe. For a start a city would be nothing without people to live in it. This is one thing that shapes the city. People and the activities they carry out, also the intensity of these activities. This is where a city becomes a civilisation and a society. We live in a society that is linked together. Our society is linked through networks and cities act as the hub of these networks. Trade is one of the main networks. Commercial trade within a city and then its external trade. Corporations, markets,

  • Word count: 748
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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Sir Titus Salt built Saltaire solely to gain greater control over his workforce.How far does your study of the site and the supporting evidence support this point of view?

Saltaire Coursework Sir Titus Salt built Saltaire solely to gain greater control over his workforce. How far does your study of the site and the supporting evidence support this point of view? This statement is saying that to gain control of his workforce was the only reason Salt built Saltaire. I disagree with this statement. I do think that that was one of the reasons, and possibly the main reason, but there were many more than this alone. Using both the site and documentary evidence, we can see many of Salts' ideas and plans for Saltaire, were often not essential to the well being of his workers, and not essential for him to gain greater control of his workers. I think that if we just looked at the documentary evidence, you would probably think that it supports this opinion. Firstly, if we read some of the descriptions written about Saltaire, we can see that Salt did not allow the building of any pubs in Saltaire. This could show that he wants to control their lives, and stop them drinking and socialising and possibly working against him. Or it could show that he just wanted his workers to be fit and healthy, and by having no pubs, they wouldn't have the opportunity to get drunk. Another useful piece of evidence are the rules for living in Saltaire. These go someway to support the theory of control. One of the rules is that no animals are allowed in the village,

  • Word count: 909
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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"Little is known about Bronze Age Theran society and what is known is open to debate." Critically analyse this statement by referring to the available evidence.

"Little is known about Bronze Age Theran society and what is known is open to debate." Critically analyse this statement by referring to the available evidence. Little is known, but much is assumed about Bronze Age Theran society. Much is under debate as there isn't enough evidence to prove what happened and opinions are all there is to go on. The date of the volcanic eruption on Thera is under debate between the archaeologically found date and scientifically found date. The archaeologists have used relative dating and typology of pottery to find the date lies between 1450BC and 1500BC. The scientists have used Carbon-14, dendrochronology, pollen analysis and deep-sea cores to find the date lies between 1627BC and 1629BC. Meaning the eruption is most likely to have been in 1628BC, scientifically. Therefore the end of Thera is much debated and coincides with the theorists' speculation. For S. Marinatos this would be between 1520BC and 1500BC, as his theories coincide between these dates. There were no bodies (skeletons) found and were virtually on valuables found such as silver and gold. Considering most precious objects have been removed S. Marinatos believed the Therans had early warning of the eruption. "It is believed seismic activity warned the Therans of the volcanic eruption." S. Marinatos. Geologists have found that the eruption lasted several days. This would've

  • Word count: 1956
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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The History of Danson House

Danson House Coursework Assignment Introduction Many large country houses such as 'Danson House' are described as being 'typical', as they are a style of house widely associated with that era. The era in this case is 18th century Palladianism. Country Houses were seen as a status symbol in the 18th century and many entrepreneurs and merchants often built houses much larger than they needed. The main reason for this is to show how wealthy they were. Country Houses often contained rooms, such as galleries, ballrooms and large dining rooms, aswell as other luxury rooms. The Grand Tour led to the spread of Palladianism in Britain, with architects such as Inigo Jones in the 17th century, however his trends soon fell out of fashion, but were later revived by 3 men, Leoni, Campbell and Burlington in the 18th century. All 3 men came from extremely wealthy backgrounds and took part in the Grand Tour. Many young men would tour Europe and this was seen as part of their education. Italy was visited and it was here that the 3 men found out the ideas of Vitruvius, whose ideas had been later revived by Palladio in Italy and Jones in Britain. The History of Danson Although Danson House is situated in 200 acres of land at present, it was previously in as much as 600 acres of land under the ownership of John Boyd. John Boyd bought the last of the lease from Styleman's

  • Word count: 2386
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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"Doggy World Supermarket".

Organizational Structure 1 Organizational Structure Paper "Doggy World Supermarket" Diane R. Easter-Brown Karebeth E. Bestwick Celestial Clinton Maricel Torres Cheryl Ireland Madiah Latif MGT 330 Management: Theory, Practices and Application Professor: Andre Sowunmi March 2, 2004 Organizational Structure 2 Abstract A number of decisions confront entrepreneurs during the early stages of their venture in coordinating, or bring to life a new business. The strategic plan and organizational structure of any new business venture will have a major impact on the eventual survival and growth of the organization. This paper will briefly illustrate the functional organizational structure and some of the key management decisions in building a hypothetical organization name "Doggy World Supermarket." Organizational Structure 3 Organizational Structure "Doggy World Supermarket" Introduction Organizational structure depends on the product to be developed. "Doggy World Supermarket" is built upon a functional organization structure. In a functional organization structure, the business is established according to a chain of command, and senior functional managers are responsible for allocating the resources of the organization and the responsibilities of the total product is not allocated to a single person. Coordination occurs through rules and procedures,

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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The Bauhaus school is one of the most influential modernistic movements in art and architecture. The founder of Bauhaus, Walter Gropius, believed that art should be created through the use of machines

The Bauhaus began life in 1919 in town of Weimar, Germany. The school was build into a world quite different from the one, which we inhabit, yet its influence is still manifestly at work. The question that the "Bauhaus raised is how art and craft should be thought, about the nature of good design, about the effects the buildings have one who live in them" (Whitford). The effects that the building have on the people who view it. These question are still being asked and with the same urgency. The Bauhaus school is one of the most influential modernistic movements in art and architecture. The founder of Bauhaus, Walter Gropius, believed that art should be created through the use of machines. This evident of this were created by the various forms of textiles and architecture (http://tiger.towson.edu/users/kwitts1/). The school of Bauhaus was rebuilt 1925 in Dessau, in order to, suit and expand its tasks and, due to, the Nazis closed the Bauhaus school in Germany in 1933 during the ware. Bauhaus is considered to be one of the most and greatest influences on modern architecture and design. It has affected the architecture design of modern buildings to a big extent. This is because, the concept of Bauhaus is that to teach people how to simply create and designs using affordable materials. In order to, prove Bauhaus 'concept the building of Bauhaus was build in brilliant way to

  • Word count: 1242
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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How did the design of the Colosseum relate to its public function and to its symbolic meaning?

How did the design of the Colosseum relate to its public function and to its symbolic meaning? The design of the Colosseum (Plates 75, 76 and 78) display the five Greek orders of the Colosseum's structure: Dorac, Tuscan, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. These provide the framework for the divisions. Each level contains a different order that satisfy three requirements by the Roman engineer Vitruvius (p.54): commodity, firmness and delight. The Doric and Tuscan orders give the appearance of sturdiness; whereas the Ionic, Corinthian and Composite give an elegant and rich look. The Colosseum is erected on structures consisting of walls and pillars (Plates 46, 78, and Colour Plate 29) that are thick enough to withstand an incredible weight for instance tons of concrete as well as 50,000 spectators. The strong vaults and arches supplied most of the strength that created the arcades, (Plates 42 and 77) these evoked symbolism of the strength and power of Imperial Rome. The space here was used to store props, animals and prisoners. The oval shape provided plenty of space, five-levelled tiered seating granted visibility, a velarium shaded the spectators from the sun, and thirteen-foot podiums with top rollers prevented beasts from climbing-all of these were issues of safety. The seating plan was imperative to hierarchy, with the emperor seated in the centre, which was securely

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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Who made the most important contribution to railway development, Robert Stephenson or I.K. Brunel?

Who made the most important contribution to railway development, Robert Stephenson or I.K. Brunel? Adam Penman. The following text researches and compares the abilities and contributions to the progress of railway, of each 18th century British civil engineers; eventually the most important contribution will be analyzed and concluded. Robert Stephenson-a brief biography Robert Stephenson lived from 1803 until 1859. This British civil engineer was notoriously known for the construction of several notable bridges. The son of George Stephenson, he was born in Willington Quay, near Newcastle upon Tyne, and educated in Newcastle and at the University of Edinburgh. In 1829 he assisted his father in constructing a locomotive known as the Rocket as well as helping his father with the Stockton and Darlington Railway, and four years later he was appointed construction engineer of the Birmingham and London Railway, completed and opened in 1838. During Stephenson's career he became manager of the family locomotive works on Tyneside. Stephenson built several famous bridges, including all the following: the Victoria Bridge in Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland; the Britannia Bridge, a tubular-girder structure over the Menai Strait in Bangor, Wales; two bridges across the Nile in Damietta, Egypt; and the Victoria Bridge, which spans the St Lawrence in Montreal, Canada, and many

  • Word count: 946
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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Construction assignment 2. - Photograph (1) show damage caused to the outside of a building due to a fault in loading.

Construction assignment 2. Photograph (1) show damage caused to the outside of a building due to a fault in loading. Looking in more detail the photograph (2) shows extensive cracks on the exterior of a seeming prominent building. Cracks of this kind can appear for a number of reasons. Loading in construction needs to be supported in several ways such as the support of dead weight-the building itself, live or imposed weight and external pressures such as the force of the wind. Movement in the ground must also be guarded against, such as the swelling, shrinking or freezing of subsoil. Externally where this building has its faults, pressures have been put on open spaces in the masonry construction such as windows and doors. It is often assumed that brick won't be crushed under pressure but as photograph (2) illustrates, given enough pressure brick will crack clean through. From the photos it appears that where this building has its main defect is the loading of external walls in relation to spaces and gaps within them. The strong looking lintel appears to hold its own, however the increased stress and pressure is not being spread effectively as loading on masonry must remain vertical, whereas here it seems sideways thrust has caused the brickwork to crack. To rectify this defect it is clear something must be done to more effectively spread loading to the foundations of the

  • Word count: 592
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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