Bioclimatic architecture
" (...) the absolute necessity that, as global society, we are able to do more with less. That means that our buildings should not only consume less energy, but they must produce zero carbon and zero waste. Better yet, should collect more energy than they need to return it to the grid so that it can benefit everyone. " Norman Foster Introduction The passive use of the goods provided by nature has always been present in the behavior of both humans and animals, from the most basic attitudes, as food gathering or seeking protection from predators or from weather in caves, even the most sophisticated forms of exploitation of local materials for construction, or natural forms of energy such as wind for sailing, water courses for mills, etc. Of these, construction activities resulted, thanks to the experience handed down from generation to generation, which, based on the popular architecture, will become passive architecture and evolved bioclimatic. Usually it is called passive conditioning systems to those that are a constituent part of the building, whether design factors or basic building elements (walls, windows, roofing, etc..) or modified (greenhouses, galleries, basements, etc. .) In this way the building becomes, naturally, in the collection system, control, regulation, accumulation and distribution of energy needed by its occupants to live. Bioclimatic Architecture.
History Royal Pavilion
The Royal Pavilion, Brighton, reflects fashionable tastes in architecture, designs, attitudes and way of life. Do you agree with this hypothesis? George, Prince of Wales first visited Brightonhelmstone (the name changed subsequently to Brighton) in 1783. He stayed in a farmhouse owned by his Uncle the Duke of Cumberland. In 1876 he acquired a farm house which was redeveloped in 1787 into the first Neo Classically designed 'Marine Pavilion' and then between 1815 and 1823 the current Indian style building we now recognise was built. George continued to use the pavilion during the regency 1811-1820 as his father, the King was ill and as King himself from 1820. His last visit was in 1827 three years before his death in 1830. On his death the building passed to his brother who used it and then to Queen Victoria who used it occasionally until selling it to the local authority in 1845. The building as it is today has the interior appearance as close as possible to the finally fitted out building and interior of 1823. Brighton at the end of the 18th century was an up coming resort and was turning into one of the most fashionable towns in England with around 2,000 visitors a week adding to its 4000 population. One of the reasons for this was the theory of Dr. Russell that bathing in sea water helped to cure certain diseases for example, asthma, cancer, consumption, deafness and
External Envelope
EXTERNAL ENVELOPE CONTENTS .0 INTRODUCTION 3 2.0 FAÇADE DESIGN 4 3.0 HEAT TRANSFER 5 3.1 Conduction 5 3.2 Convection 5 3.3 Radiation 6 4.0 BUILDING REGULATIONS 6-7 5.0 STRUCTURES 8 5.1 Steel 8 5.2 Concrete 8-9 5.3 Glass 10 6.0 FAÇADE FORMS, MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION 11 6.1 Heavyweight 11 6.1.1 Masonry - Stone 11-12 6.1.2 Masonry - Brick 13 6.2 Lightweight 14 6.2.1 Metal Panels 14-15 6.2.2 Plastics 16 6.2.3 Timber 16-17 6.2.4 Fabric 17 6.2.5 Curtain Wall 18-19 7.0 CONCLUSION 20 8.0 REFERENCES 21 .0 INTRODUCTION An external envelope (also know as: façade, skin), is constructed for enclosure of a building to protect the occupants, storage items & the interior of the building from outside intrusion (for security), external weather elements (wind, snow, rain etc), whilst producing a comfort factor relevant for the end user/s by ensuring the correct materials & methods are used whilst cohering with the relevant Building Regulations and British Design Standards. 2.0 FAÇADE DESIGN The façade of a building needs to be designed at the very early stages of the construction process. This ensures that a detailed analysis of the energy input/output, and it's structural integrity and durability is concluded. If this procedure is not adhered to,
Fire - stages of a fire, fire resistance of different building materials, construction to resist fire.
Fire Technology CONTENTS . Introduction 4 .1. Fire Protection 6 .2. Compartment Fire Development 8 .3. Stages of Fire & Corresponding BS 476 Standards 11 .4. NFPA Fire Safety Concept Tree 13 2. Fire Terminology 14 2.1. Fire resistance 14 2.2. Compartmentation 14 2.3. Fire precautions 16 2.4. Fire prevention 16 2.5. Fire protection 17 2.6. F.R.P. (Fire Resistance Period) 17 2.7. Fire Load 18 3. The effects of fire on materials and structure 19 3.1. Combustibility and non-combustibility 19 3.2. Non-combustible materials 20 4. The effects of fire on materials and structure 22 4.1. Combustible materials 22 5. General behaviour of materials in fire 23 5.1. Timber 23 5.2. Timber Product 23 5.3. Concrete 23 5.4. Stone 24 5.5. Plastic 24 5.6. Clay Products 24 5.7. Brick - good resistance to fire 25 5.8. Steel 25 5.9. Aluminium 26 6. Fire Protection of structure and construction 27 6.1. Active fire protection 27 6.2. Passive fire protection 27 7. Fire resisting construction - Compartmentation 28 7.1. Compartmentation 28 . INTRODUCTION Fire Triangle (???) Fire Tetrahedron (????) .1. FIRE PROTECTION From the fire tetrahedron, we learnt that we could stop fire by obstructing the chain reaction(s), hence, by means of: * Reduce the fuel * Reduce the oxygen * Reduce the heat Is it possible? For the sake of fire safety in building, we have
During the 1860's Ruskin developed into an outspoken social critic. With reference to 'The Stones o
During the 1860's Ruskin developed into an outspoken social critic. With reference to 'The Stones o John Ruskin was debatably the foremost Victorian critic of art and architecture, expressing what were at the time unprecedented and sometimes shocking views. However, it was as a critic of Victorian society that he spent a large part of his career and in this essay I will look at how his earlier work, particularly 'The Stones of Venice'(1850-3);although ostensibly about architecture, can be seen to be a forerunner of his later more outspoken social criticism of the 1860's and after. Perhaps the most striking aspect of "The Stones of Venice" to an audience of the day would have been Ruskin's denunciation of the Classical style of architecture in Venice and in general, in favour of the then unfashionable and largely unappreciated Gothic style. We are soon to discover, however, that this is no mere aesthetic preference on his behalf and it is his strong views on the superiority of this style and the reasons behind his belief that give us the clearest indication of the social critic he would become in the ensuing years In part two of 'The Stones of Venice' Chapter Four ('The Nature of Gothic') Ruskin attempts to give a broad definition of what he means by 'Gothic' architecture. He lists the six most important elements as being, in order of importance: . Savageness 2.
Describe the professional and managerial workforce who may be involved in the development of a built facility and describe how their roles may differ according to the procurement system that is used
Built Facility & Construction Industry Studies (CE1CIS) Describe the professional and managerial workforce who may be involved in the development of a built facility and describe how their roles may differ according to the procurement system that is used for the procurement of the design and construction of the facility. The construction industry has different professional and managerial roles that work together to produce the design and construction of a built facility. This essay will aim to describe the different professional and managerial roles then outline and illustrate how these roles are applied to the procurement of the design and construction of a built facility. The construction industry is one of the biggest industries in the UK. The department for business innovation and skills (BIS) illustrates that this sector covers building infrastructure, the building of public and private housing, the construction of public non-housing such as schools, industrial buildings, commercial buildings and the repair and maintenance of these built facilities. Research suggests that the industry is responsible for ‘81billion of outputs (£203 billion turnover) every year and up to 8% of the UK’s gross domestic product (GDP)’.Morton (2002) puts forward that an industry like construction is very ‘labour intensive in which the skills, commitment and effective organisation
The architecture of Braslia
The capital of Brazil became Brasília on 21st of April 1960. It was a new city created from scratch. It was the important achievement of the populist president Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliviera, who was in office from 1957 to 1961 (Williams 2009: 95). The city represents many identities such as a frontier city, a development project, an utopian experiment in modern urbanism, a detached center of political power and an Eldorado of opportunity. Migrants come to the city mainly for economic gain. As soon as they come across the desolate plateau, the landscape changes about 40 kilometers from the capital and they are confronted with the separation of modernist Brasília from familiar Brazil. Brasília starts as 14-lane speedway roars and catapults the traveler into what is hailed as ´the New Age of Brazil´. Brasília has become the symbol of this new age. The intention was to create not only a new city, but also a new Brazilian society (Holston 1989: 3). Although the capital of Brazil was planned well and designed as a first modern city, it did not have the impact on society that was expected. This essay will analyze the architecture of Brasília, which reflects the divisions in 1960s Brazil between socialist and capitalist roads to development. Since Brazil was mostly rural and was not changed until the mid-1930s, a modernization was needed. At the beginning of the 20th
How much can a historian studying castle building in the middle ages learn from source A?
Question 1 How much can a historian studying castle building in the middle ages learn from source A? The scene that source A sets is a very calm and relaxed one. The drawbridge is open, there are people socialising freely and there does not appear to be any military presence so it seems the castle is not at war. This source is a modern day artist's impression of how the fountain courtyard would have been in 1460. From this painting, we can assume that this was a very palatial part of the castle and it helps us to understand what kind of people lived here i.e. a rich and noble family. On the subject of a military attack, this part of the castle would have been very poorly defended. Some of the features in this picture like big windows and a grass floor (in rainy battles knights would get clogged up in it) show it to be more of a family garden than a well defended stronghold. What source A doesn't tell us is what its actual purpose was. Was it for playing games on, training soldiers on, holding tournaments on, maybe even a garden for the guests of the castle? However if that is so, why use up so much space? This space could have been used for protecting the castle even more. The fact that it was built in a time of peace may be the reason why that is, but even so a few more defences would not go amiss. Even though, a historian studying castle building can learn a great deal
'Why was the Royal Crescent Built?'
'Why was the Royal Crescent Built?' AMELIA WALKER 10SC/CRB Firstly, before I begin my essay, I would like to state that there are factors that I will be describing as local factors; which are simply the aspects of the location/city at the time that affected the popularity of Bath, and thus, the building of the Royal Crescent. There will also be factors I will be describing as National factors; which are aspects of the growth of the country in that era, which affected the cities and towns within it (thus affecting Bath also!) ~~~ "The lodgings for visitors were paltry, expensive and dirty. The city was in itself mean and contemptible; no elegant buildings, no open squares, nor uniform streets!" ... was how Bath was described by Oliver Goldsmith in 1702. Bath was nothing more than a small country town at the time; and it was hardly forseeable that it would grow hugely to become quite the opposite within the next century! These huge changes eventually resulted in the building of the Royal Crescent. I will be explaining exactly how the factors within this era, and the location, affected this, and made it become to be built. Bath was described as an unattractive, primitive town, and that suddenly changed dramatically. It grew hugely in popularity, within the first decade of the 18th century; this influenced the prospects of the town; opening doors, and thus, changing the
How does the Primary Structure of a Protein Dictate its structure and function?
How does the Primary Structure of a Protein Dictate its structure and function? Introduction Proteins are complex organic compounds, which always contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. In some cases, they also contain sulphur. Proteins are macromolecules, which have a high molecular mass. They actually consist of chains of many amino acids. There are many proteins as there are an unlimited number of amino acid combinations that can be used to form a protein. In fact, 50% of a cell's mass is protein. In the body, proteins are very important. The following are examples of proteins in the body: * Enzymes are proteins, which control metabolism; there is a different enzyme for every reaction in the body. * Antibodies are proteins, which help the body fight disease. * Actin and myosin are both proteins, which enable the muscles to contract. * Collagen is an important protein, its function is to hold us together, connective tissues such as tendons, cartilage and bone have strength, which is due to collagen. * Keratin is also a protein; it gives strength to hair, skin and nails. * Each human cell has a unique combination of proteins and other chemicals on its surface. The body will reject cells if the proteins on the surface are completely different. This is especially the case when an organ transplant is done, the body will reject an organ unless careful matching is