The Crusader's Oath

The Crusader's Oath The first impulse to the Crusade came from an appeal of the Eastern Emperor, Michael VII (1071-1078) to Pope Gregory VII for aid against the Seljuks. Alexius I (1088-1118), a stronger ruler than his immediate predecessors in Constantinople, saw the splits happening between the Seljuk Chiefs as an opportunity to take the offensive. He appealed to Pope Urban II for assistance in raising a body of knights from the west to help him recover his lost Asiatic states. Urban called on all Christendom to take part in the work, promising a complete remission of sins to those who would take the arduous journey. Urban thus combined the old idea of pilgrimage to the holy land with the more recent idea of holy war against the infidel. The crusader was at once pilgrim and soldier, bound by a solemn vow to visit the Holy Land in the ranks of an organised, armed expedition. The Red Cross sewn onto their clothes marked out people who had taken this vow. This vow was a permanent obligation that could be enforced by legal sanctions. It served to keep the ranks of the crusading armies from dwindling once serious obstacles were encountered. The story of the beginning of the crusade goes like this. Upon the completion of the speech (Urban's), the local bishop immediately knelt before the throne and begged permission to be the first pilgrim. Urban presented him with a red

  • Word count: 603
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
Access this essay

This era was the era of the industrial revolution in Britain. During which Britain changed from an agricultural country, to an industrial country. Its empire and trade expanded and it greatly developed into an important and powerful nation on the whole.

This era was the era of the industrial revolution in Britain. During which Britain changed from an agricultural country, to an industrial country. Its empire and trade expanded and it greatly developed into an important and powerful nation on the whole. Everything was affected. In my essay I will discuss how, what and why different things changed during this era. I will do this referring to the three sources (pictures), of an imaginary place in Britain, changing over three time periods between 1750 and 1900 (1750, 1830 and 1890). I will start off with transport. In the first picture:1750, there a three horses, loaded up with items of trade. This is because in the 1750's that was the way of transporting goods. Horses were loaded with all the items of trade their owner had, and were taken round town for anyone interested to buy the items. Also noticeable in the picture is the rather old fashioned, horse drawn carriage. This was the main way of transporting people. The roads at this time in the picture are dirt tracks. In the second picture: 1830, the most significant thing is the train. The railway started in 1825. By 1829 locomotive engineering had improved further, producing fast, efficient engines for passenger and freight transport. So naturally, in 1830, railways were rapidly spreading out through Britain. This meant that this imaginary town, was basically linked up to

  • Word count: 1531
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
Access this essay

Define the term ‘Rural-urban fringe’.

Define the term 'Rural-urban fringe'. The area of countryside laying on the edges of the built up area. Some land uses that are present, such as golf courses and water supply, are for the benefit of those living in the city. This area is under the greatest pressure from city growth, which is increasing because of the desire of many people and businesses to move out of town. The characteristics of this area can be split into two areas: - i. Economic factors from the urban area. These are: - On the outer edge of the urbanised area (the present urban boundary), there are several types of structure to be found. Firstly business and science parks with high-tech industries along with regional shopping complex or hypermarket and office development. Secondly, new suburban hosing estates of large detached houses surrounded with big gardens, characterised by a ribbon or linear development along main roads as well as suburbanised villages, dormitory settlements and homes for commuters who live in this outer fringe but work in the city. And lastly, areas of large sewage works and landfill/waste sites, areas of work sites and urban by-passes, national motorways and service stations. ii. Environmental factors from the non-urban area. These are :- Further out into the rural areas theses buildings disappear to be replaced by farmland and country parks, near enough to the

  • Word count: 829
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
Access this essay

"The crisis of the inner city" is a misnomer, "What exists in the nations inner urban areas are a set of wider social and economic problems which happen to be expressed spatially" Discuss.

"The crisis of the inner city" is a misnomer, "What exists in the nations inner urban areas are a set of wider social and economic problems which happen to be expressed spatially" Discuss By Katie Clarke Once, inner cities were the industrial centres of the city. The city expanded with its main employers as the nuclei. Today the inner city is a base for leisure with shops, theatres, pubs, and restaurants their speciality. This change has left great areas of deprivation in many inner cities. This report will analyse if there really is a crisis in the inner cities. In Britain today, most inner city areas are aged. When industrialisation took place workers needed to live close to the factories as transport systems were non existent. Cheap terrace housing was built near city centres; most was cramped, unplanned and had only had basic amenities. As these houses fell into disrepair they became slums. After the Second World War, slum clearance programs began and as urban transport improved, many British cities began to change rapidly. Margaret Thatcher first proclaimed that she intended to do something about the inner city following the election in 1987. Since then the government has developed various strategies to solve inner city problems. The problems that Lady Thatcher was referring to are vast. Each inner city is unique with its own set of problems but some of the problems

  • Word count: 1238
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
Access this essay

To what extent is Liverpool typical of economic and social trends in Urban Britain since 1950?

Angie Kay SOCI 102: Social Change in Contemporary Society November 2002 To what extent is Liverpool typical of economic and social trends in Urban Britain since 1950? In order to determine to what extent Liverpool fits the economic and social changes which have occurred in Urban Britain in the past 50 years, it is necessary to first identify such changes and trends. There are clear sets of both social and economic changes experienced by Britain, but it is also important to recognise the somewhat interrelatedness of these; economic changes have often led to consequences of social context i.e. Many social changes are fuelled by economic growth. Britain's economy has experienced a number of changes since the start of the 19th century, a time when its status was that of one of the, if not the most economically advanced countries in the world. The Industrial Revolution fuelled further economic expansion which subsequently enhanced political and military power. '30 glorious years' followed the first half of the 20th century which was haunted by poverty and hardship following the Great Depression of the 1920s and 30s. Britain's urban areas and population experienced various changes during the fifty years following the second world war. One of the most significant economic changes emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s. After a recession in the 1970s, as Britain's economic

  • Word count: 1488
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
Access this essay

A SHORT HISTORY OF BLACKPOOL EARLY BLACKPOOLFor centuries Blackpool was a hamlet by the sea. Then during the 18th century it became fashionable for the well to do to travel

A SHORT HISTORY OF BLACKPOOL EARLY BLACKPOOL For centuries Blackpool was a hamlet by the sea. Then during the 18th century it became fashionable for the well to do to travel to the seaside during the summer. (In those days people believed that bathing in seawater could cure diseases). Visitors came to Blackpool from the middle of the 18th century. However Blackpool remained a very small place until 1781. In that year two men, Thomas Clifton and Sir Henry Hoghton built a private road to Blackpool. That made it much easier to reach. The same year stagecoaches began running to Blackpool from Manchester. In 1782 they began running from Halifax. Nevertheless Blackpool grew only slowly in the early 19th century. A man named Henry Banks developed Blackpool in the early years of the century. He erected new buildings. His work was carried on by his son-in-law, a man named John Cocker. St John's Church was consecrated in 1821. In 1801 Blackpool had a population of less than 500. By 1851 it had risen to over 2,500. However Blackpool only grew into a substantial town when a railway was built connecting it to the industrial towns of the north. The railway made it much easier and cheaper for visitors to reach Blackpool. The first railway in the area opened in 1840 but it only ran as far as Poulton in the Fylde. Nevertheless the Preston and Wyre railway boosted the growth of

  • Word count: 657
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
Access this essay

Built Heritage

SU4020 BUILT HERITAGE CONSERVATION COURSEWORK 1 LISAVOON 087317 Report 23rd March 2009 Word Count: 2582 Table Content . Introduction 3 2. Timeline 4 3. Summary 5 4. Historical significance 7 5. Architectural design 9 5.1. Broad Street Elevation 9 5.2. Quadrangle 10 5.3. Mitchell Tower 11 5.4. Mitchell Hall 12 5.5. Interior 14 5.6. Architectures 15 5.6.1. Archibald Simpson 15 5.6.2. Robert Mathieson 16 5.6.3. WW Robertson 16 5.6.4. Alexander Marshall Mackenzie 16 6. Current use- redevelopment 17 7. Social Issues 18 8. Setting 19 9. Conclusion 20 References 21 Appendix 23 . Introduction The building that I had chosen is Marischal College, because it can consider as heritage building, that more than 400 years. Marischal College is a building in the Scottish city of Aberdeen, and it is belonging to the University of Aberdeen. The Marischal College located at the broad street, it have many alternative names Gallowgate; Greyfriars Church; Mitchell Hall; Mitchell Tower; Aberdeen University; Museum Marischal College claimed to be the second largest granite building in the world and the one most defining landmarks, exceeded only by Spain's Escorial, once the home of the Spanish monarchy. The frontage

  • Word count: 2937
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
Access this essay

With reference to the RIBA work stages explain how a designer and design team would produce a design from the clients initial brief through to start on site.

HND Diploma in Construction and the Built Environment Unit 1 : Design Principals and Application Assignment 1 - Planning and Design Phases Task 1 With reference to the RIBA work stages explain how a designer and design team would produce a design from the clients initial brief through to start on site. A Designer and team will produce a design from the client's initial brief through to the start of construction, the client appoints an architect, through a chosen selection process like interviews. Once a designer has been chosen and all pre agreement procedures have been completed appraisal and briefing will commence. Appraisal, this is when a client's requirements are set by the designer through asking key questions such as, whether the clients existing building could be extended or adapted to suit his/hers requirements or a new build is needed, how large the budget is and how the project would be funded, the desired or crucial hand over date etc. This is the Identification of the client's requirements and needs, any factors that could affect development, and also to allow the client to decide whether he/she still feels it is viable to carry on. This in turn would allow a suitable procurement method to be chosen with the aid of the designer for example traditional. The clients initial brief may have many unseen obstacles that need to found and addressed so what is known

  • Word count: 6044
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
Access this essay

What is the Burgess concentric ring model of urban land-use?

What is the Burgess concentric ring model of urban land-use? The burgess concentric ring model was created by Earnest Burgess to show how land use patterns in typical British and foreign cities. The different types of land-use were shown by using a set of concentric rings, each was devoted to a different land use. His theory was that the C.B.D had the main routes of transport coming to it and it was the most accessible place in a town. He noticed that the many well off people lived further away from the C.B.D because they could afford the greater transport costs. The poorer and less well off people lived closer to the C.B.D so they could travel to and from work without creating high travel expenses. He created five rings in his model (one of which is not a ring but a core which the other four rings centre around), each coinciding with the findings burgess gathered, during his time in Chicago. In the centre of the model was the C.B.D (Central business district). This is the most accessible part of the city and was full of shops, offices and entertainment facilities. There are many important buildings here such as town halls, foreign embassies and museums. There are many roads and different types of public transport, which helps to make the C.B.D easily accessible. Due to limited space and high demand for land, the C.B.D becomes highly dense and as a result of this, tall

  • Word count: 541
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
Access this essay

Discuss the relevance of Neo-Marxist theories in appraising the function of planning in a capitalist society.

Discuss the relevance of Neo-Marxist theories in appraising the function of planning in a capitalist society. To be able to fully understand how relevant Neo-Marxist theories are to urban planning, it is important to look first at the background of Marxist thought. Karl Marx developed his economic and political theories after he moved to London in 1849. One of Marx's key suggestions was that ideologies would perform an important function in modern societies. He believed that this was to maintain the capitalist form, economic production and capitalist society. The view of Marx is that the state in modern societies is a capitalist state due to the fact that its main function is to maintain the capitalist economy in existence. Marx himself never wrote a systematic theory of the state, however many modern theorists have applied their ideas to the twentieth century governance and planning. Marxist scholars have generally been very critical of traditional planning practice and theory. However, many of their arguments are merely ideological rationalisations that fail to recognise the material conditions and historical and political forces that allowed planning to emerge and define its role in society. As Klosterman points out, the role of planning in contemporary society can be understood only by recognising the structure of modern capitalism as it relates to the physical

  • Word count: 1182
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
Access this essay