For each of these seven principles a number of recommendations are made, resulting in a total of twenty-four recommendations. Some of these recommendations will not have any relevance to the issues of disassembly. For example, „the design and shape of reinforced concrete elements should encourage the re-use of formwork‟. While the re-use of formwork is good practice in construction, it will have no relevance in disassembly since the curing of wet concrete is one of the few assembly actions that is not reversed in the disassembly process. From the twenty-four recommendations, eleven are relevant to the issues of design for disassembly. Adams, in his later discussion of research, simplifies the analysis by proposing only three principal criteria for good buildability:
- Simplicity
- Standardisation
- Clear communication
These three criteria are then developed into sixteen design principles for good buildability. Similar to the earlier study, only some of these principles are relevant to issue of design for disassembly. Nine of the sixteen can be seen to have general relevance to disassembly, the remainder being either too specific in the form of prescriptive guidelines, or being related to assembly procedures that have no equivalent in a disassembly sequence.
Several other research efforts have also produced strategies or criteria for good buildability, though not in as much detail as the work. In a report prepared for The Construction Industry Institute (CII) Constructability Task Force, by O‟Connor, Rusch and Schultz, seven key buildability concepts or strategies are identified:
- Construction-driven planning and programming
- Design simplification
- Standardisation and repetition of design elements
- Specification development for construction efficiency
- Modular and pre-assembly designs should be developed to facilitate prefabrication and installation
- Designs should allow for accessibility of labour, materials and plant
- Designs should facilitate construction under adverse weather conditions
Research in Australia includes that of the Construction Industry Institute, Australia (CII, Australia). This research has resulted in several publications which have presented explicit constructability, or buildability, principles. Within these publications are twelve principles from the CII, Australia, which represent broad criteria for consideration of buildability issues. As such they provide a framework for considering the problems. The principles are:
- Integration Feedback
- Construction knowledge
- Team skills
- Corporate objectives
- Available resources
- External factors
- Program
- Construction methodology
- Accessibility
- Specifications
-
Construction innovation
Task 02
Evaluate the advantages of build ability in terms of health, efficiency and economy of a construction project
Advantages of buildability in terms of health, efficiency, and economy of a construction project
Clients are more and more becoming quick to respond of the benefits of fast construction. They need buildings to be completed on time and within the tender price. These buildings should be of enough quality and easy to operate and maintain. Good buildability has been shown from experience to speed up construction, improve standards and lower costs. The time or cost saved in the design process by, not enough attention to buildability is, lost over and over again during construction. Poor buildability can lead to lower standards of construction. The more complex the assembly of the structure is, the greater the number of operations and specialist trades required. New developments in the construction industry highlight the importance and continued relevance of buildability. There are specifically six factors that will continue to call attention for buildability in design of buildings and structures in developing economies. They are overcapacity, technical improvement, prefabrication, mechanization, information, and sub contracting.
The aim of buildability is to improve efficiency of the overall building process by developing construction sensitive designs. The expected results from implementing constructability are efficient and effective construction of a building, with an economical project cost and at agreed quality specified by the clients.
Buildability is less
- Less change orders (Benifit in effciency)
- Less waste on jobsite (Benifit in economy)
- Less labor in jobsite (Benifit in economy)
- Less red tags (Benifit in effciency)
- Less job site modification (Benifit in effciency)
Buildability is predictable
- Predictable cost (Benifit in economy)
- Predictable cycle times (Benifit in effciency)
- Predictable performance (Benifit in effciency)
- Predictable margins (Benifit in effciency)
Buildability delivers
- Simplified and streamlined product development, estimating, and marketing tasks. (Benifit in effciency)
- Improved quality of drawings and estimates to reduced unplanned cost. (Benifit in economy)
- Marketing and sales documents that truly reflect the plans and estimates in building. (Benifit in economy)
- Visual addition of selection into that building electronically before build it in the field. (Benifit in effciency)
- High fixed costs converted into lower veriable costs. (Benifit in economy)
- Improved cost control throughout the construction process. (Benifit in economy)
- Knowledge of how much an options costs before built it. (Benifit in economy)
- Lot specific information for every building build in a fraction of the time it takes today. (Benifit in effciency)
- More productivity with fewer resources. (Benifit in effciency and economy)
Benifits in terms of health are reduce the heavy work, less work pain, they keep CDM regulation properly, so they reduce the physical hazards, chemical hazards, biological hazards, mental hazards, electrical hazards, ergonomics etc. Finished components are delivered to site and lifted directly from the vehicle into position on site, often without the need for scaffolding. This reduces the potential for accidents, and removes the risk of hand-setting stone or brickwork in potentially hazardous locations.
Just-in-time delivery to site of factory finished components, fast rates of construction especially when a smaller number of large units is specified, and the other certainty, safety and environmental benefits all make precast concrete the most "buildable" of materials. On-site construction and off-site manufacture can be partly covered, in that way reducing overall site periods..
Task-03
Conduct a comprehensive literature survey and define the concepts of sustainability in relation to construction projects.
Sustainable construction
The world sustainable is translated to some language as durable. So sustainable construction can be said as a durable construction the concept of sustainable construction may change the vision on the intended objectives, laying stress on resistance in time Sustainable construction has different approaches and different priorities in various countries. Some of them identify economic, social and cultural aspects as part of their sustainable construction framework, but it is raised as major issues only in a few countries.
Sustainable construction could be best defined as the creation and responsible management of a healthy built environment based on resource efficiency and ecological principles. Sustainable construction is generally used to describe the application of sustainable development to the construction industry.
Therefore, Sustainable construction also is describe as a subset of sustainable development, which includes design, tendering, site planning and organization, material selection, recycling and waste minimization.
There are six main principles for sustainable construction.
I. Minimization of resource consumption
II. Maximization of resource reuse
III. Use renewable and recyclable resources
IV. Protect the natural environment
V. Create a healthy and non-toxic environment
VI. Pursue quality in creating the built environment
As a construction, sustainable construction principles can be defined as the way of creation and responsibilities management In order to achieve a healthy built there are some principles
I. Long term economic health
II. Equity and human rights
III. Settlement efficiency and quality of life
IV. Community, regions, “sense of place and heritage
V. Net benefits from the development
VI. Accountability, transparency, and engagement
The principle of sustainable construction such as creating a built environment for a better quality of life, restoring damaged and/or polluted environments and improving arid environments. In order to achieve sustainable construction, the industry must bringing change from linear process to clinic process. By using this change, it can increase the use of recycle, renewed and reused resources, and decrease in significant use of energy and other natural resources.
The Diagram of sustainability in construction
Concepts of sustainable construction
Sustainable construction adopts different and is accorded different priorities in different countries. The understanding of sustainability in building and construction has likewise undergone change over the years. In the beginning the emphasis was on how to deal with the limited issue within the limited resources, especially energy and how to reduce their impact to natural environment. A decade ago, the emphasis was focus on more technical issues in construction such as materials, building components, construction technologies and on energy related design concepts. But today, the emphasis of non technical issues is growing up and it is very important for a sustainable development in construction this non technical issues such as economic, social, cultural issues, cultural heritage others.
Advantages and disadvantages of sustainable construction
By applying sustainable construction, there are many benefits and advantages can be achieved, it will include the environmental, economic, socials, health community. In terms of environmental benefits, it will include to improve air and water quality, reduced energy and water consumption, and to reduce waste disposal. The economic benefits will include the reduction of operating cost, maintenance cost and can help increasing the sales price and rent. While, the health and community benefits will include the enhancement occupant comport and health, and reduced liability.
There is only one disadvantage in applying the sustainable construction. The building created following sustainable construction principles typically have a higher initial cost than ordinary building. Not every project manages to get their overall net increased cost in a short period. To cover these problems, life analysis cost should be conducted to account for reduction of operating cost and increase the productivity.
There are several barriers that caused the slowing implementation of sustainable construction in the industry; the barriers are there was a changing in the way industry builds, lack of relevant skill and knowledge and others.
Task 04
Identify modern and traditional construction methods in Srilanka and compare and contrast the use of sustainability approaches in those systems.
Before the colonial period in Sri Lanka we had very sustainable construction methods. Those days there was a cultivation based society and society was entirely depend on the environment. Materials used for construction purposes were entirely natural. They used sundried bricks, wattle and daub walls for buildings and other structures. Wattle and Daub is a simple construction method in which a fence is constructed by twining flexible sticks between (non-flexible) posts, and then covering the fence in mud. Wattle fencing is constructed in the same manner, but generally leaves off the mud. Both methods were applied by using clay as a material and used sun as a energy source to dry bricks. Also both methods works as very good heat insulator which provide natural cool.
They used cadjent or thatched roof for houses and other buildings. with straws, or coconut leaves to cover the roof., layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. These materials also work as good heat insulators. Also there is a gap between the wall and the thatch which works as a hear insulator.
Nowadays cement block, concrete, steel are can be considered as mostly using materials for construction works. Unlike traditional construction methods the manufacturing process of these materials high fuel combustion and emitting high rate of carbon to the environment. For example, a steel frame building generates waste from more mining, processing, transport and smelting before the foundations are laid but a timber frame building carries no such environmental burden.
Also cement blocks and concrete takes high amount of sand which taken from bottoms or banks of rivers. This also has become a nusense to the environment because it brings dangerous damages to the environment and species.
Not only materials but also their transport methods that they used to transport those materials to the sites were environmental friendly. Because they used bullock carts or carried them by themselves. There for no fuel combustion or carbon emission to the environment like using transport services such as lorry, tractor, or etc. Because about 10% of national energy consumption of a country is used in the production and transport of construction products and materials.
The social system
Much traditional construction is carried out in the absence of any formal methods of quality control. Even today this might still be the case, possibly because building is in remote areas where it is difficult to police construction. It might be because there are inadequate resources to control building or because the pace of development has outstripped the ability of bureaucratic systems to keep up. In the absence of formal methods of quality control there must be something else that ensures sound construction. This might be little more than the personal reputation of builders so that a Darwinian survival of the most competent (or at least the most trusted) is in operation. Otherwise there might be methods that are internal to the craft system itself.
These are:
I. Control of entry to the trade
II. A recognized training system.
III. Sanctions for poor work.
Traditional building is a craft process by which I mean one where the trainee learns from someone who already has the necessary skills. We commonly call this an apprenticeship although it need not involve the formal training agreement that this word implies. The apprentice works under the direction of a master and does this while engaged in building work. While craft skills can also be taught in formal training programmes away from the work itself, the advantage of the traditional method of learning while working on the job is that the skills are imparted over a long period of time. By doing this the apprentice (or trainee) sees the building techniques he is learning used in a variety of situations. He will see how the basic forms are adapted to suit different situations and thus what is learned is also the ability to make judgements about when and how to make those variations. The apprentice will also learn the limits of the methods used. The result of this is an inherently conservative approach and builders trained in this way will be hesitant to make too many variations upon the standard methods.
Entry to a building trade is often controlled by limiting membership to those who have undergone such an approved apprenticeship. Even today entry to professional bodies requires not only the passing of an examination but also a minimum period of practical experience.
Control of standards in craft systems might involve some form of internal control rather than an externally imposed method. For example, in Britain at one time the craft organisations (called „guilds‟) were under an obligation to seek out and destroy any materials or work that was defective. This „quality control‟ function which protected the public was carried out in exchange for having entry to the craft restricted. However, the system eventually broke down and it then became necessary for the clients to employ their own people to supervise the work on their buildings. These might be other craftsmen employed in this role, and called „clerks of works‟, or they might be professionals. In some cases both were employed. The professionals involved were either architects or surveyors but the use of the former was also associated with professional design, which takes us beyond traditional building.
Task-05
Identify one multi-storied building in Sri Lanka and analyse.
The concept of ‘buildability’ in terms of the health and safety, efficiency, economy and quality of construction
i) How the sustainable strategies could be implemented on the above project.
For this assignment our group members select a good multi-storey building. It name is MAS thuruliya. It is at thihariya. Under this title I talk about that building.
The new building for the MAS holdings was designed with an eco friendly concept. In this building contractor has done most of the part by concrete. In that place they mixed their cement ratio is; Cement:Sand:Soil = 1:3:3. They used to Ready Mix Concrete for this building purpose.
To provide state of the art solar technology to Sri Lanka, Access Solar has joined hands with numerous global leaders in solar technology. In this building they used to solor technology and apply new technologies and developments in the field to deliver the best in services to all our customers and industry risk owners.
In as long as better prepared solutions to building rising clients, Access Solar assurances the following:
- High quality and world well-known technology and equipment
- System design /discussion
- Qualified technical knowledge
- Unfailing after sales service
Access solar solutions, will help to bring down the cost of electricity in building as well as make that building a cleaner greener place to live in. Sri Lanka, being a tropical island with its proximity to the equator is gifted with a great quantity of sunlight all year round, while ensuring world class standards in installations and assuring clients and client’s return on investment and easiness of mind. Access Solar presents clean eco friendly solutions for the in agreement eco enthusiast. Solutions will help reduce the emission of CO2 to the environment. Access Solar considers itself to be an environmentally friendly. company, putting smiles on faces in that of clients and help sustain the environmental stability for the future generations.
In this building they used to eco bricks, steel work, wood work, and they used earth filling with borrow materials. In this building, builders gave important for nature. Here they used VRV A/C system and top of the building they introduced solar panel. One solar panel makes 25kw power.
Here they put lot of solar panel. So totally whole solar panels make 5.5mw. So they used this power for them electric works.
In that building most of the construction works are done by flexibility. Most of the construction works done with nut and bolt connection method, put the beams and column under this column & beams they put some kind of flexible doors, windows etc.
In that building have more sustainability compare to other building. They are following:
- Antique doors & windows
- Natural ventilation & light
- Rain water harvesting system
- Flower trough planting
- Solar pannel
Through this sustainability, they get lot of benifits. Those are better worker maintenance and staffing, lower cost of dealing with complaints, decreased risk, responsibility, and insurance rates, greater building durability, better resale value, simplicity of sitting, strategic and economic value of an improved representation, and make building environmental friendly.
Conclusion
From this assignment can able to understand the methods related to principles of buildability and sustainable of construction and immense implications to the construction industry.
Build ability is the extent to which the design of a building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed building' through this assignment got a very broad knowledge regarding principles of build ability, build ability system and benefit arise from economical view, health and efficient view.
To provide a good value for client the contractor and consultant shout make a study on build ability to make sure the advantages and disadvantages of a high rise building construction for efficient and effective work can be done.
Sustainable design and construction practices significantly reduce the negative impact of buildings on the environment and occupants in five broad areas. Those are Sustainable site planning, Safeguarding water and water efficiency, Energy efficiency and renewable energy, Conservation of materials and resources, Indoor environmental quality.
The benefits of sustainable design recover higher first cost, design for cost effectiveness, boost employee productivity, enhance health and well-being, reduce liability, create value for tenants, increased property value, incentive programs are available, benefit your community, achieve more predictable results.
Also by conducting literature reviews and performing the case study comprehensive knowledge was gained on sustainable design and construction methods.
Sustainability in construction is a very steaming issue that needs attention of all the professionals related to the construction industry.
Sustainability can be implemented in the design and construction stage and also by designing it in such a way that operational energy is very low. To do this, spatial arrangements and sustainable service integration should be carefully carried out to minimize wastage.
Finally, in fulfilling this assignment a comprehensive study was conducted by referring many books related to the subject and also browsing the internet, to understand the given scenario. All the questions have been answered with proper knowledge on the subject borne in mind.
References
- http://www.google.co.in/search?prmdo=1&tbs=nws:1&q=Sri%20lankan%20traditional%20%20construction%20methods
- http://uob.academia.edu/RanjithDayaratne/Papers/459075/Reinventing_Traditional_Technologies_for_Sustainability_Contemporary_Earth_Architecture_of_Sri_Lanka
- http://books.google.com/books?id=xPpB4bntJLAC&pg=PA4&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
- http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/
- http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/basicinfo.htm#sustainability
- http://www.whistler2020.ca/whistler/site/genericPage.acds?context=1967862&instanceid=1967863
- http://bas.berkeley.edu/sustainability/why
by
heshan999 (student)
