Read the following extract which has been freely adapted from ‘Household Pests’ by PLG Bateman and answer the questions below

University Degree Architecture, Building and Planning

PAPER 1 1993

SECTION A

Read the following extract which has been freely adapted from ‘Household Pests’ by PLG Bateman and answer the questions below.

The human race creates its own pests and the first field planted with one crop provided a bonanza for the insects for which it was a food plant. Volumes have been written on agricultural and garden pests as a consequence. The same principle applies to buildings. From the time the first man went to live in a cave, creatures have moved in with him. Some crawled, some flew, some went in with animal skins and tree branches. One or two specialised forms developed which literally came to live on us. Fleas, lice and bed bugs may truly be said to associate with man for what they can get out of him: others are pests because they eat our food or bring disease organisms into the house. Others again damage fabrics, furniture, even the structure of a building, and some we dislike having around because they are psychologically disturbing.

The parasites include lice and bed bugs; those which infest food include larder beetles, flour moths and cockroaches. There are those which damage textiles, clothing and soft furnishings, such as clothes moths and carpet beetles and those such as mice, flies and wasps which invade premises at specific times of the year. Casual intruders such as maybugs, lacewings, earwigs, woodlice, clover mites and ground beetles may also enter accidentally. Woodworm, termites and rodents cause physical damage, flies, cockroaches and mice are a threat to health as they carry disease organisms; spiders, furniture mites, wasps or silverfish produce anxiety or distress. Feral pigeons may simply be a nuisance.

Improved standards of living and environmental hygiene have greatly reduced infestations by parasites and many flies, yet developments such as modern central heating, fitted carpets and the continued use of untreated softwood timbers tend to contribute to the growing problems caused by carpet beetles and woodworm. Tropical species like cockroaches now thrive in made-made moist warm climates under hotels, hospitals or in commercial kitchens in temperate zones. There are very many other examples of the way pests change in importance. The replacement of the horse by the motor car probably decimated the fly population. More recently, the synthetic insecticides have added their contribution. The development of resistance to certain pest control chemicals and restrictions on the use of some alternatives have, however, caused a great increase in mouse-infestations and made the struggle against some insects more difficult.

Greater awareness of the need for hygiene in food-manufacture and catering has made us less tolerant of the one or two flies or the occasional mouse dropping in industrial or commercial premises, yet our homes often provide harbourages for potentially dangerous creatures.

There is no doubt that changes in the types of materials used in building construction, the design of buildings and the increases use of central heating are contributing to changes in the incidence of pests in buildings.

No longer do large areas of thatch and wattle and daub harbour resident populations of rodents and birds ...

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No longer do large areas of thatch and wattle and daub harbour resident populations of rodents and birds with their attendant insects. Massive over-mature rafters and joists of hardwood which delighted the Death Watch Beetle have given way to small cross-section timbers of softwood, an ideal diet for the Common Furniture Beetle. Indeed, to have Death Watch Beetle today is practically a status symbol!

Far from ‘building out’ pests by sensible design at drawing board stage, we now install boxed-in pipe runs, false ceilings, concealed ducts and service conduits which provide motorways for mice and highways for cockroaches, with access to all parts, likewise, the artificial micro-climate created within centrally heated buildings, especially where catering is carried on, produces warm humid conditions in which pests of tropical origin such as cockroaches can live regardless of the outside temperature.

The length of life cycle of all insects is very dependent upon temperature and humidity, more generations being produced in warm conditions, and insects such as cat fleas that were once a purely seasonal problem are now active all the year round indoors. Whereas the greater use of synthetic fibres has reduced the risk of moth damage to clothes and soft furnishings, the increased acreage of wall to wall carpets has encouraged the ‘woolly bears’ picnic’ by the hairy grubs of the carpet beetles. It all does seem a matter of swings and roundabouts.

It therefore goes without saying that the development of new rodenticides and insecticides has become both desirable and necessary to ensure the future protection of health, food and property.

A1 (a) In not more than 75 words of continuous English, explain how man has inadvertently created problems for himself in his battle against household pests as he has made progress in other spheres [7]

(b) Explain the term ‘environmental hygiene’ as it is used in the passage [3]

A2 Quote the instances in which household pests have been unintentionally reduced in numbers by technological advances. [3]

A3 (a) What is the relationship between the first two paragraphs and the rest of the passage? [3]

(b) What role in the structure of the argument does ‘however’ play in line xxxx [2]

.c) Why is to have Death Watch today ‘practically a status symbol’ [2]

(d) How is the situation described in the passage ‘ a matter of swings and roundabouts’ [line xxx] [2]

(e) On th basis of the final sentence, what logically comes next in the text? [2]

A4 Copy out the table below and fill in the gaps as follows:

Insert

Two different kinds of flea in Line(a)

One kind of beetle in Line (b), two others in Line (d) and a fourth in Line (e)

The only rodent mentioned by name in Line ©

An insect known otherwise as a white ant in Line (d)

Cockroaches on two separate lines

Different species of moths on two separate lines

[6]

Answer the following questions on the information provided above, which has been adapted from Understanding Towns by David Stenhouse.

B1 a) To what do 140, 228, 210, and 215 refer in the second column of Fig 1? [1]

b) In the same column, why might you have been surprised if the figures 215 102.5 65 had occurred at the top and 140 to 152 66 to 76 38 to 44 at the bottom? [2]

c) distinguish between freestone, rubble and masonry. [2]

d) What were the advantages for medieval builders in using stone rather than

Brick
wood? [2+2]

e) In 1784, a brick tax, based on the number of bricks produced, was introduced. What effects did its imposition have

on the size of the bricks [1]
on the way walls were built in Sussex and Kent? [2]

B2 a) Using Fig 4 where necessary, describe how the bricks are arranged in each of the examples b, d, e, in Fig 2 [6]

b) What are the patterns called in examples g and h? [2]

c) Which of the other patterns in Fig 2 provides the contrasts that could then be realised by using bricks of different colours in example g? [1}

d) What else would have to be added to example f to provide an illustration of a modern cavity wall? [1]

e) How many Victorian-style bricks (ie 210 105 40) would be needed to construct a wall 21 metres long, 21 centimetres wide and 2 metres high on the lines of example a? [2]

B3 How effective are Fig 3 and the notes below it in furthering your understanding of roof styles? [6]

Total [30]

SECTION C

C1 In about 150 words, outline the main implications behind

Either a) such proposals as constructing a link road between the A1 and M1 through the site of the Battle of Naseby or the diversion of the A303 from the immediate area of Stonehenge.

Or b) providing sheltered accomodation in a large town [10]

C2 From the dates provided, give an appropriate date for the construction of each of the following

The Campanile of Giotto, Florence
Chartres Cathedral
The Colosseum, Rome
The Great Sphinx at Giza
The Parthenon, Athens
The Royal Crescent, Bath
The Royal Hospital at Greenwich
St Pancras Station, London
Santa Sophia, Constantinople
The Sydney Opera House

C2600 B.C. 450 B.C. 70 A.D. c500 A.D. c1200 A.D. c1350 A.D. 1696 1767 1863 1959 [5]

C3 For each of the following, give the name of the architect from the list below.

St. Peter’s Rome
Banqueting House, Whitehall
St. Paul’s Cathedral
Castle Howard
Kew Gardens
The Royal Pavilion, Brighton
Clifton Suspension Bridge
The Houses of Parliament
Unité d’Habitation, Marseilles
The post-war Coventry Cathedral

Brunel
Capability Brown
Inigo Jones
Le Corbusier
Michelangelo
Nash
Pugin
Basil Spence
Vanbrugh
Wren

[5]

C4 What

is a city in Southern Jordan that has buildings carved into rose-red sandstone cliffs;
is the only man-made structure visible with the naked eye from the moon;
ruins have given their name to what was formerly Southern Rhodesia;
is the fortress associated with the central government of the former Soviet Union;
is an Indian mausoleum built for the second wife of a Mughal emperor;
is called ‘The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street’;
was erected to accommodate the Great Exhibition of 1851;
was the setting for the Peace Conference at the end of the First World War;
was burnt down in 1932 in Berlin, allegedly by the Communists;
is the name of the establishment where the US gold reserves are kept?