Written by: J. Christopher Jaffe
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Presents a proven methodology for designing successful venues for concert performance in a variety of building types. Explains that sound reflections rather than geometry are the key to developing an outstanding hall, and shows how a series of simple principles related to how humans perceive musical quality can provide the ideal environment for classical music performances.
Places of Performance: The Semiotics of Theatre Architecture
Written by: Marvin Carlson
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The literary presented information concerning the relation of architecture, and interior and exterior theatre embellishment to the aesthetic purposes of theatres. Used models from architectural and urban semiotics to show how a theatre building and its location within a city reflect society's attitudes and concerns.
Interaction of Low frequency Sound: With Glass and other Building Materials in the Design of a Concert Hall for Symphony Orchestra and Choir
Written by: John Samuel Victor
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Explains the flexibility of concert halls depending on its building materials, specifically, through glass. When a concert hall offers views outside through the use of glass, along with other building materials, despite the fact that glass offers lower reflectivity and lower transmission loss for lower frequencies of sound, compared to certain other materials.
Buildings for Music: The Architect, the Musician, and the Listener from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day
Written by: Michael Forsyth
- Examines the effect of musical taste and style on architecture and the reciprocal influence that buildings and their acoustics have had on musical performance and composition. The influence of recording techniques and cinema design are also discussed.
On Art Museums:
Foreign Literature
American Art Museum Architecture: Documents and Design
Written by: Eric M. Wolf
- Focused on the design and construction of art museums in America explaining that the museum goers’ interaction with the art must be enhanced by architecture while amenities such as restaurants, cafes, gift shops, and accessible and convenient restrooms ensure their comfort. It also explores all aspects of, and approaches to, museum architecture—the aesthetic, the practical, the innovative, and the functional. Also considers the unique architectural challenges often posed by contemporary art.
Architecture for Art: American Art Museums
Written by: Scott J. Tilden
Explains that the art museum has become one area where architects are allowed, even encouraged, to push the boundaries of design with radical new forms and cutting edge materials.
- Local Literature
Museums in Manila
Published by: General Books LLC
- Showcased the different art facilities in the metro including the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Bahay Tsinoy, UST Museum of Arts and Sciences, and the National Museum of the Filipino People.
On Building Requirements:
- Foreign Literature
Architectural Graphics Standard
- It allows establishing the minimum requirement of preliminary spaces and the function. Mainly focuses on standard measurements.
Time Saver Standards for Building types
- Focuses on the general and international criteria for the planning of performing arts facilities. It provides design standards and space requirements; it allows to establish preliminary spaces and to study the functionality of space. It defines the different areas, how they are to be planned and how will it become feasible.
- Local Literature
The National Building Code of the Philippines
- Contains building laws in the Philippines.
The book of Republic Act 344
- Contains implementing rules and regulations for designing in consideration with persons with disabilities of the Philippine government.
On Philippine Art and Culture:
- Local Literature
Culture and Customs of the Philippines
Written by: Paul A. Rodell
- Focused mainly on showcasing the different art and culture of the Philippines including theatre arts.
Art: Perception and Appreciation
Written by: Ortiz, Erestain, Guillermo, Montano
- Contains explanations on the complex synergy of imagination and intellect in the perception and appreciation of aesthetic arts.
On the design innovation- Sustainability through Seawater Desalination and Green Strategies:
- Foreign Literature
Seawater Desalination: Conventional and Renewable Energy Processes (Green Energy and Technology)
Written by: Andrea Cipollina, Giorgio Micale, Lucio Rizzuti
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Presents an overview of conventional and non-conventional technologies, with a particular focus on the coupling of renewable energies with desalination processes. Features the advantages and disadvantages and the development potential. It also gives a rapid insight into the economic aspects of fresh water production from seawater. This book provides a unique foundation, within the context of present and future sustainability of fresh water supply in prevention of water scarcity.
Desalination Technology: Health and Environmental Impacts
Written by: Joseph Cotruvo, Nikolay Voutchkov, John Fawell, Pierre Payment, David Cunliffe, Sabine Latteman
- Covers the latest developments in desalination, examining the environmental and public health-related impacts of these technologies. The literary presents specifications for assessing water quality, technical issues associated with desalination technologies, and the chemical aspects of desalinated water and its microbiology. The book also discusses environmental protection issues that assist in the optimization of proposed and existing desalination facilities to ensure that nations and consumers enjoy the benefits of the expanded access to desalinated water. This includes coverage of health and environmental issues such as energy conservation and sustainability that must be addressed during the design, construction, and operation of a desalination facility.
Desalination: A National Perspective
Written by: Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology, National Research Council
- Explains the exponential increase in desalination capacity globally, fueled in part by growing concern for water scarcity made possible by desalination research and development.
Desalination Technology: Developments and Practice
Written by: Andrew Porteous
- The literary emphasized that traditional sources of supply are increasingly expensive, unavailable, or controversial, but desalination technology offers the potential to substantially reduce water scarcity by converting the almost inexhaustible supply of seawater and the apparently quantities of groundwater into new sources of freshwater.
Experimental Green Strategies: Redefining Ecological Design Research - Architectural Design
Written by: Terri Peters
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Focused on sustainable design as being the most significant global challenges for the design profession. It explains the adaptation and creation of new technologies and materials and to borrow ways of working from other disciplines, to focus on innovation rather than incrementally increasing performance or efficiency.
CASE STUDIES
Local Case Studies:
- Newport Performing Arts Theatre, Resorts World Manila
Newport Performing Arts Theater, showcases the best of in-house productions that can be seen nowhere else. A home to major productions such as Broadway musicals, concerts and pageants, Newport Performing Arts Theater is where the enchantment unfolds.
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Cultural Center of the Philippines (Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas)
The façade of the National Theater is dominated by a two-storey travertine block suspended 12 meters high by deep concave cantilevers on three sides. The rest of the structure is clad in concrete, textured by crushed seashells originally found on the reclamation site.The building is built on a massive podium, and entry is through a vehicular ramp in front of the raised lobby and a pedestrian side entry on its northwest side. In front of the façade and below the ramp, there is an octagonal reflecting pool with fountains and underwater lights. On the main lobby, three large chandeliers hang from the third floor ceiling, each symbolizing the three main geographical divisions of the Philippines: , and . At the orchestra entrance, a brass sculpture, The Seven Arts by welcomes the audience into the main theater. From the pedestrian entrance, 's Black and White is displayed as spectators enter the little theater or ascend to the main lobby through a massive carpeted spiral staircase. Most of the interior is lit artificially, as there are few windows, most of which are located along the sides of the main lobby. Large areas on the upper floors are open to the ground floor lobby, emphasizing the large chandeliers and fluid interior spaces on northeast side of the building. Galleries and other rooms surround these open areas, occupying the space created by the huge cantilevered block. Whenever possible, the walls surrounding these rooms are used as additional venues for displaying art works.
Much of the criticism of the building’s architecture is directed towards its vehicular ramp. Since there are usually no valet services or parking areas directly accessible from the lobby entrance, the ramp’s use is ideal only for audience members who are chauffeur-driven; at the expense of pedestrians, who may enter through the side entrance or a narrow (and potentially hazardous) pathway on the ramp.In defense of the design, Andy Locsin (a partner of his father's firm) explained that the decision of raising the whole structure on the podium (and consequently, the addition of the ramp) was in response to the high sea levels on the reclaimed land, and was not intended to promote an elitist view of art and culture.
Foreign Case Studies:
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Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre by Zaha Hadid Architects
Hadid’s Performing Arts Centre concept, a 62 metre high building is proposing to house five theatres – a music hall, concert hall, opera house, drama theatre and a flexible theatre with a combined seating capacity for 6,300. The Centre building may also house an Academy of Performing Arts.
Zaha Hadid described the design of the Performing Arts Centre as “a sculptural form that emerges from a linear intersection of pedestrian paths within the cultural district, gradually developing into a growing organism that sprouts a network of successive branches. As it winds through the site, the architecture increases in complexity, building up height and depth and achieving multiple summits in the bodies housing the performance spaces, which spring from the structure like fruits on a vine and face westward, toward the water.”
“The Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre is a continuation of the long-standing relationship we have with the Guggenheim Foundation and with the Emirate. We are very honoured to be a part of the project,” states architect Zaha Hadid. “Our first Guggenheim exhibition design, ‘The Great Utopias, was in 1992 whilst the very successful mid-retrospective of our work closed at the Guggenheim Museum in New York less than two months ago. We’ve also been working in Abu Dhabi for many years, the Sheikh Zayed Bridge was a seminal project for the office and its construction is well underway”.
PROGRAM: Performing Arts Centre building proposing to house 5 theaters: concert hall; music hall; opera house; drama theater; flexible theatre with combined seating capacity for 6,300. The centre may also house an academy of performing arts.
CLIENT: The Tourism Development and Investment Company of Abu Dhabi (TDIC)
ARCHITECT: Zaha Hadid Architects
Design: Zaha Hadid and Patrik Schumacher
Project Director: Nils-Peter Fischer
Project Architects: Britta Knobel, Daniel Widrig
Project Team: Jeandonne Schijlen, Melike Altisinik, Arnoldo Rabago, Zhi Wang, Rojia Forouhar, Jaime Serra Avila, Diego Rosales, Erhan Patat, Samer Chamoun, Philipp Vogt, Rafael Portillo
CONSULTANTS: Theatre Consultants: AMPC Anne Minors Performance [London]
Acoustics Consultants: Sound Space Design (Bob Essert), London
Structural, Fire, Traffic & Building Services Consultants: WSP Group [London] with WSP [Middle East] Directors Bill Price and Ron Slade
Building Cost Consultants: Gardiner & Theobald, London [UK] Gary Faulkner
Façade sample Construction: KGE King Glass Engineering Group [Zhuhai, China]
- Seoul Performing Arts Center by dmp Architects
Korea-based dmp Architects has proposed an iconic building for Seoul Performing Arts Center located in Nodul Island, Seoul, Korea. The goal of the project is to bring a new life to Han River and Nodul Island which has been forgotten by people of Seoul nowaday. A very good design approach of creating a dramatic roof structure has successfully created playful image to the city.
The Seoul Performing Art Center is not only for audiences and performers, but exists also for the general public and the gathering of all people in harmony.
Music Halls of Seoul Performing Art Center will provide excellent environments for performers and audiences. Active and vigorous atmosphere will be created by mixing entries for music halls with identical entertaining programs, retails in very engaging way.
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Michael Maltzan Architecture
Mashouf Performing Arts Center
San Francisco State University
San Francisco, California
The building, to be constructed in three phases, will anchor the southwestern edge of the SF State campus, establishing an iconic presence within the city and larger cultural community for the University.
The building's architecture is defined by an expansive horizontal form and is punctuated by the performance spaces rising above. A distinctive wave design flows along both Lake Merced and Font Boulevards, creating a feeling of movement and reflecting the creative energy housed within. The building will shape SF State's public face along Lake Merced Boulevard and encourage pedestrian activity through interconnected arcades and walkways.
Along Font Boulevard, the building lifts overhead, creating an expansive entry. Layered public, performance and academic spaces reinforce a sense of connection between students, faculty, theatergoers and the community. A series of ramps provide universal access across the building’s folded form, reinforcing the sense of connection and exchange between the building’s diverse population and multiple programs.
In designing the Mashouf Performing Arts Center, Michael Maltzan sought to capture the inventive spirit that characterizes the University's College of Creative Arts, designing a complex that facilitates connection and interaction among theatergoers, performers, students and faculty. The building will be designed and constructed to a LEED Gold level standard.
The 1,200-seat theater supports a range of performances including music, theatre, opera and dance as well as serving as a space for public debates and panel
The 450-seat Little Theater offers an intimate setting, where performer and audience share a single space bounded by the arced seating rising from the stage floor
The 300-seat Music Recital Hall offers a dynamic space for musical performance; the seamless extension of its surfaces surrounding the audience, with performers at its center.
Studios, workshops, and curricular spaces are grouped around the central volumes of the performance halls, interwoven by circulation paths that knit the project to the courtyards at its center.
Total area: 242,150 square foot
Architect:
Principal in Charge: Michael Maltzan
Project Director: Peter Erni
Project Architect: Kristina Loock
Project Architect: David Rodriguez
Project Designer: Wil Carson
Project Team:
Sean Anderson
Sahaja Aram
Haan Chau
Robert Crawford
Melissa Diracles
Todd Ebeltoft
Graciela Hodgson
Ruth Kim
Michael Leaveck
Rina Lim
Christian Prasch
Sonia Ramundi
Ciara Seymour
Po-Wen Shaw
Guang Xu
Structural Engineer: Guy Nordenson & Associates
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger
MEP Engineer: IBE Consulting Engineers
Civil Engineer: KPFF Consulting Engineers
Acoustician: Nagata Acoustics
Robert F. Mahoney & Associates
Theater Planning & Design: Fisher Dachs Associates
Landscape: Hargreaves Associates
Lighting: Horton Lees Brogden Lighting Design
A/V, Broadcast: Sonitus Consulting
- Teatro del Agua (The Water Theatre)- Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
The Water Theatre is part of a master planning of a city designed by Grimshaw. The idea is to couple a series of evaporators and condensers such that the airborne moisture from the evaporators is then collected from the condensers, which are cooled by deep seawater. This method produces large quantities of distilled water from seawater and is almost entirely driven by renewable energy. The building structure is orientated perpendicular to the prevailing wind to obtain a maximum supply of ambient air. The flow rate is controlled by louvres on the leeward side, which also incorporates solar panels to provide heat for the evaporators. As well as serving as a visible engine of sustainability, this structure doubles as an auditorium. The intention is to exploit the natural resources of the island, focusing on its two unique geographic features: steep beaches meaning that the cold water of the deep ocean is close to hand and can be siphoned off for air conditioning, and a steady wind direction that can be harnessed for the production of fresh water.
The works by coupling “a series of evaporators and condensers such that the airborne moisture from the evaporators is then collected from the condensers, which are cooled by deep seawater.” The sweeping structure will incorporate solar panels to provide heat for the evaporators and will operate almost entirely on renewable energy.
The Teatro del Agua, together with the proposed new waterfront buildings, utilise energy from the sun, the sea and the atmosphere to create cooling and fresh water. The process is based on the Seawater Greenhouse concept but the principles are not limited to agriculture and may readily be adapted to the built environment. Indeed many of the principles have been in use since antiquity to moderate the climate in hot, arid regions. The range of possibilities for cooling is considerably enhanced by using seawater. This is a relatively new development, requiring the use of low cost plastics for pipes, pumps and heat exchangers (metals that are adequately corrosion resistant to seawater are generally too expensive for such applications). Gran Canaria has abundant sunshine year round yet with moderate temperatures for its latitude (which is the same as Kuwait). It also lies in close proximity to very deep, cold seawater. Within 4 km of the harbour, the seabed falls rapidly to a depth of 1000 metres, where the water temperature is 9ºC. The mean wind speed of 7m/s and NNE direction are remarkably constant year round, and can thus be harnessed to drive the ventilation.
These conditions may all be used to provide sustainable and low cost methods of cooling, and the production of fresh water. This energy is renewable, carbon free and unlimited in its abundance, as the cooling process is driven by solar energy evaporating surface seawater, and thermal stratification with depth.
If the temperature of an air to water heat exchanger is constantly below the ambient dew point temperature, and if its surface is exposed to the wind, water vapour will condense into fresh water continuously. The rate of condensation increases with increased air temperature and humidity, and there are various methods of augmenting this with solar energy. However, the average temperature in Gran Canaria is around 20ºC and rarely falls below 14ºC. Relative humidity stays constantly high – above 70% throughout the year. Thus with a cooling temperature of 10ºC, fresh water will be produced every day of the year, but with substantially more in summer than in winter.
The potential exists to produce fresh water at less cost than any other desalination system and using only renewable energy for the process, with cool air as a free by-product. The water produced is of distilled quality, similar to dew or rain, and does not need any chemical treatment, unlike all other desalination processes.
