Participative Models of Planning Vs Post-Modern Views of Planning.

Local and Strategic Planning Participative Models of Planning Vs Post-Modern Views of Planning By Harpreet Chadha W01104706 Module tutor : Robin Crompton It is my intention to explain as best I can within the parameters of this paper, various 'participative' models that have played a part in town planning, relying heavily on Sherry Arnstein's "A Ladder of Citizen Participation" as it is in my opinion the most influential article that deals specifically with the topic of participation in respect to town planning. Other theorists, philosophers and political thinkers such as Hillier, Routledge, Melucci, Albrechts, Cohen and Arato have all provided their views and proposed solutions, and indeed have asked many interesting questions, mainly dealing with issues of power, that cannot be ignored. It is also my intention to discuss the 'post-modern' views of planning which can only happen with an understanding of the 'modern' views of planning, as it was only with the social failure of the modern that the post-modern as an ideology could be borne in the minds of those that matter (those that occupy positions of power and influence.) A major problem with explaining the post-modern is that all those thinkers involved in the debate stand at differing degrees to the left, to the right and so finding a central argument is impossible thanks to the likes of, Harvey, Lyotard,

  • Word count: 1425
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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The nature of Property Market & Roles of A Valuer. The traditional methods used in valuations are called the five methods. Factors affecting Property Values

Lecture 2 The natures of Property Market & Roles of A Valuer Introduction The valuer is primarily concerned with the valuation of land and/or buildings. Valuation may be defined as the estimation of the capital or rental value of land and/or buildings at a certain time. He will need to know the purpose for which the valuation is required and intentions and circumstances of the client or employer on whose behalf it is being prepared. Valuation is a matter of opinion; it is an individual's subjective assessment of different factors. Different weights can be given to various opinions, and a valuer who has studied the different methods of valuation and who gets his/her valuations to accord with market evidence will be listened to and inform others. Computers can assist with the assembling of market evidence and comparable transactions, and they can be used for complex mathematical calculations, but in the end, however, it is the art of valuation that counts. A valuer is required to value property, which is to find a market value when the market transaction for the property has yet to take place. This is a responsible decision and expensive if things go wrong; if you put a property up for sale at too low a valuation you are likely to lose money, at too high a valuation the property will stick on the market and take a long time to sell if at all. The traditional methods used

  • Word count: 1905
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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Many commentators had expected to see widespread growth of the regional shopping centre in the 1990's. Examine critically the reasons why this was not the case.

Many commentators had expected to see widespread growth of the regional shopping centre in the 1990's. Examine critically the reasons why this was not the case. Introduction Retailing is one of the most important sectors in all developed economies and retail property i.e. shops and shopping centres, constitute an important part of a country's built environment (Boucke, 1989). The amount of floorspace devoted to retail and service activities in Britain is over seventy million m2 and city centres, as well as their peripheries, have changed radically in their appearance and function during the last thirty years. Development of new retail floorspace has been one of the most important areas of capital expenditure in Britain in the last two decades. For example, in the financial year of 1991/1992, Tesco plc spent around £1 billion on the development of new superstores (Guy, 1994). However, in recent years the focus has shifted away from the grocery retail sector and its expansion of superstores, and increasing literature has focused on the growth of new modern forms of shopping development in the form of enclosed 'Americanised' malls. These centres form part of Schiller's (1986) 'third wave of decentralisation' and have significance both as a source of economic growth and change, and as a social phenomenon that can evoke both positive and negative reactions. This essay seeks

  • Word count: 3687
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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Irony in The Visit

Irony in The Visit Irony is a literary device, which spins a web through Friedrich Dürrenmatts play, The Visit. Irony can be found throughout the aggregate of the tragic-comedy. Dürrenmatts first influential example of irony is the towns name. However, other examples such as the black panther, indications of Claire's power, as well as the communities qualities, or vices, are contemporary illustration of irony. The towns name, Güllen, wasn't chosen at random. It is a translation from German, Dürrenmatt's mother tongue, meaning 'manure'. This is ironic, since it depicts a metaphor of the town's, for the first time physical state, and its subsequent state of morality. An ironic indication of the moral collapse of this town are the words coming out of the Mayor's mouth, "If they (factories) boom we'll all boom...(p.26)". The money will ransom them from the physical decay, will however lead them to an ethical disaster, instead of letting them rise as foreseen. This, conversely, guides the denizens to more ironical engagements, such as that of the Mayor, "we would rather have poverty than blood on our hands (p.39)". This is nothing but an unfulfilled pledge, seeing that the town lets Ill down, finding excuses to justify their action of after all killing their fellow citizen and so called friend. Ill ironically believes that the town is on his side, which corresponds to the

  • Word count: 1021
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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The Inevitable Fate in One Hundred Years of Solitude

Book Report Competition Title: One Hundred Years of Solitude Author: Garcia Marquez Publisher: Penguin Name: Li Terence H Class: 4D Class number: 20 The Inevitable Fate in One Hundred Years of Solitude A sense of fantasy infuses the opening pages of One Hundred Years of Solitude. In Macondo, a small town in an unnamed region of South America, there is, seemingly, magic in everything. It is described as a place on no map, lying outside civilization, behind mountains that lead to the ancient city of Riohacha, a place that many years ago was home to the Buendia ancestors. For years, the town has no contact with the outside world, except for the gypsies who occasionally visit, introducing a host of fabulous things - flying carpets, magnets, daguerreotypes, ice, telescopes, and so on. We are introduced to Melquiades, the leader of the gypsies. He is in a constant struggle with death, having survived countless potentially fatal diseases. He dies, but revives, and dies again. Life and death intermingle and cannot be separated. The present, past and future mix together as well. We will probably be fascinated by the opening sentence, "Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendia was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice." The narrator seems to know everything already and we are experiencing as if it were

  • Word count: 1460
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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What factors contributed to the expansion of the Barnwell area from a small village in 1801 to a busy suburb of Cambridge by 1901?

Question: What factors contributed to the expansion of the Barnwell area from a small village in 1801 to a busy suburb of Cambridge by 1901? * At the end of the eighteenth century Cambridge was suffering a significant reduction in the population. According to available statistics, in 1674 the population exceeded 9000, whereas by 1728 Cambridge's population was under 8000. There are many possible explanations for this sudden fall in population. One is overcrowding, and its repercussions, such as poor conditions (lack of clean water for everyone, or excessive amounts of sewage which were hard to get rid of), lack of employment, and very high property prices and rents. The city was squalid, and the lack of a proper sewage disposal system lowered the already poor conditions. Another contributing factor to the mentioned fall in population was the attraction exerted by cities in the north around the beginning of 1750, a period of time marked by the onset of the Industrial Revolution. Cities such as Manchester or Leeds (typical northern cities) offered great opportunities of employment, particularly in the newly born industries. We will now analyze in more detail the expansion issue in Cambridge. The city of Cambridge was expanding at a very fast rate, but the space available for settlement was running short. The expansion of the University restricted the residential areas to

  • Word count: 5056
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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'Pompeii is famous as a Roman town yet it owes much to the influence of other civilisations'. Is this a fair assessment of Pompeii's development?

Saqlain Shabbir 10F Influences on Pompeii 'Pompeii is famous as a Roman town yet it owes much to the influence of other civilisations' Is this a fair assessment of Pompeii's development? We can answer by examining each of the contributions made by other civilisations throughout the different stages of development in the town as well as covering different eras and time periods in which the town existed. There are major races or other civilisations that have inhabited the town during its existence that have had any influence and any power in the town (in order): * Oscans - Native Italian people * Greeks * Etruscans from Etruria (north of Italy) * Greeks * Samnites from Samnium (southern Italy) * Romans To fairly assess the development of Pompeii, we have to examine each of the contributions and their value to the growth of Pompeii. The Bronze Age In this very ancient period of time, there is evidence of an eruption of Mt. Vesuvius and remains of ancient settlements near the river that may have led to the founding of Pompeii. Oscans - Iron Age (900-600 BC) They were a native Italian people that lived in Italy that had existed and lived in the Late Iron Age. It is thought these people found and actually start construction of the town of Pompeii at its present site on the plateau with its first structures and gave the town its

  • Word count: 1516
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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Public Works, Public Space.

24th May 2010 CANTERBURY SCHOOL of ARCHITECTURE 2009-10 Cultural Context 2: Public Works, Public Space. Essay Assignment - Ajay Singh Sihra; 0653286 Word Count (INCLUDING REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY): Word Count (EXCLUDING REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY): 1282 Subject Area: Le Corbusier; City for Three Million Inhabitants. 'Using Le Corbusier's unbuilt proposal, A Contemporary City of Three Million, examine its relationships to underlying ideologies about forms of public life.' "A town is a tool. Towns no longer fulfil this function. They are ineffectuai; they use up our bodies, they thwart our souls. The lack of order to be found everywhere in them offends us; their degradation wounds our self-esteem and humiliates our sense of dignity. They are no longer worthy of age. They are no longer worthy of us." (Corbusier 1929.) 1 A city! It is a grip of man upon nature. It is a human operation directed against nature, a human organism both for protection and work. It is a creation. Poetry also is a human act- the harmonious relationships between perceived images. AI1 the poetry we find in nature is but the creating of Our own spirit. A town is a mighty image, which stirs our minds. Why should not the town be, even today a source of poetry? (Corbusier 1929.) 2 In order to develop an approach to understanding the concepts and ideologies of a 'Virtual City' in comparison to

  • Word count: 1847
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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How can a poet build something?

How Can a Poet Build Something? The poem Kubla Khan is a complex and perplexing poem. It was written after an opium-induced dream and serves as an insight into the subconscious of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It talks of things, which the reader would literally find impossible to imagine, and so is hard to deconstruct, it seems that it was never intended to be understood and rather just read and enjoyed. Without referring to the physical action of building with bricks and mortar, poets build through words, phrases, structure and grammatical devices. The most prominent grammatical devices used in this poem are hyperbole, metaphors and similes. All of these help emphasise what the poet is describing, they weave a lush visual tapestry in the reader's head. Starting at the top, the poem's title, Kubla Khan is the name of Genghis khan who lived lavishly. The poem describes a dome or temple he built in the mountains. The poem is structured with three stanzas, the rhyming structure seems random but it flows well and rhythmically. The hyperbole used, such as "caverns measureless to man", deeply emphasise his feelings and thoughts. Metaphors are another device used to emphasise emotions and experiences, as do similes. Alliteration is also used, as is religious imagery. All of these provide a media with which he can express his dream. The damsel with a dulcimer leads the poet to aspire

  • Word count: 629
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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What does the 'Gentrification' of the inner city explain?

. What does the 'Gentrification' of the inner city explain? (Essay 1) Gentrification comes from the word Gentry (i.e. upper middle class) and the second part of the word links to a process of change - in this case higher income groups moving into a formally low income rented area. The higher income households then displace lower income residents of a neighbourhood because they bid up rents and change the essential character and flavour of that neighbourhood by attracting new types of shops and restaurants into the area. Displacement of current residents, physical upgrading of the neighbourhood by individuals and developers of the housing stock change in neighbourhood character reflected in income levels, local services, and possible conflict between new and old residents. It is know as a form of private urban regeneration of the inner city area. Gentrification can also be the migration of middle and upper-class residents into a deteriorating area which may help to revitalise the area, hence regeneration. However gentrification impacts on property values and reduces the supply of cheaper or affordable housing, hence social exclusion. Gentrification examples in London are Islington, Finsbury Park, Brixton and Hackney. Inner Cities Term used to describe areas in decline around the old urban core of the city. These areas have lost there old jobs i.e. manufacturing, road

  • Word count: 1955
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Architecture, Building and Planning
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