X-rays are typically used in the field of scientific research, industry, and medicine. They have become a crucial tool in medical imaging
Why are X-rays dangerous? X-rays are electromagnetic radiation ranging in wavelength from about 100 A to 0.01 A. The shorter the wavelength of the x-ray, the greater its energy and its penetrating power. X-rays are typically used in the field of scientific research, industry, and medicine. They have become a crucial tool in medical imaging because they allow doctors to see inside the body without the use of invasive procedures. Although they can be quite beneficial, they can also be dangerous because as with any other source of radiation, its key component with regards to health risks is exposure. Because of lead aprons that patients wear, there is not too much exposure to radiation at once; however, with the increased number of x-rays performed is an increased exposure to radiation and can therefore lead to potential dangers to a patient's health. It has been said that x-rays should only be performed when absolutely necessary because it can cause an increased exposure to radiation and therefore lead to cancer. Shu et al. (2002) and Grufferman et al. (2009) discovered that in utero and postnatal exposure to x-rays can lead to childhood leukemia but only with increased exposures to x-rays during pregnancy. Researchers have found that due to the decrease in x-rays being performed on pregnant women, the risk of childhood leukemia identified with x-ray exposures drastically
Hydrolysis of Starch
The Hydrolysis of Starch through the use of Salivary Amylase, and the Phosphorolysis and Synthesis of Starch through the use of Phosphorylase Name: Thien Nguyen ID: 20299974 Partner: Robert Taylor TA: Ravil Dhillon & Saahil Vij BIOL 130L - 002 B2 - Biology 2 149 Monday 7:00PM-9:50PM Monday November 2nd 2009 Introduction Within a cell there are many reactions going on at the same time and a cell cannot process these reactions without the help of enzymes, a biological catalyst. Although all enzymes are catalysts, not all catalysts are enzymes, this is because of the enzyme's specificity to what it acts on, and this is determined by the sequence and amount of amino acids, and also by the 3 dimensional forms that it takes. This makes the enzyme only act for very specific and closely related reactions. The reactant, called the substrate binds to the enzyme's active site, however it will only bind if the substrate fits, and this forms a substrate-enzyme complex. By doing this, the activation energies for the reaction to take place are lowered so that the reaction can be accelerated (Department of Biology, 2009). There are two parts in the experiment, the hydrolysis of starch with amylase, and the phosphorolysis and synthesis of starch using phosphorylase. In this lab, the purpose is to investigate the substrate concentration, reaction time, and enzyme concentration
Isolation & Characterisation of Proteins
Name: Ng Yen Pheng Student ID: 22353046 Date and day: 20 March 2012, Tuesday Title: Electrophoresis Aim: The purpose of conducting this experiment is to understand the separation technique using agarose gel electrophoresis technique. Furthermore, the experiment also aims to observe the migration of nucleic acid in the gel electrophoresis and calculate the size of DNA fragments cut by HindIII. Lastly, from the separation technique, the different sizes of a macromolecule can also be determined with the help of a marker. Result: Table 1: Fragments of DNA marker and the distance migrated (cm). Fragments size (kb) Distance migrated (cm) (Distance Migrated)-1 (cm-1) 0.0 3.4 0.294 8.0 3.8 0.263 6.0 4.2 0.238 5.0 4.6 0.217 4.0 5.0 0.200 3.5 5.3 0.189 3.0 5.8 0.172 2.5 6.4 0.156 2.0 7.0 0.143 .5 8.1 0.123 .0 9.5 0.105 0.75 0.7 0.093 0.5 2.2 0.082 0.25 4.3 0.070 Figure 2: Graph of (distance migrated by fragments of DNA marker)-1 against fragment size of DNA marker Table 2: Distance migrated by DNA fragments that have been digested by HindIII and their respective sizes. Distance migrated (cm) (Distance migrated)-1 Size of fragments (kb) .5 0.667 25.05 2.2 0.455 5.87 2.7 0.370 2.19 3.1 0.323 0.16 3.8 0.263 7.56 5.5 0.182 4.06 1.2 0.089 0.04 Calculation: To calculate for the fragment size of DNA fragment
Changes in the GRK2 Expressions during Heart Failure
Hasmitaben Patel Student ID: 260114948 EXMD 506: Advanced Applied Cardiovascular Physiology Professor: Terry Hebert Co-Professor: Adel Giaid December 3, 2007 Changes in the GRK2 Expressions during Heart Failure Heart failure (HF) is on the increase as a cause of morbidity and mortality today.1,2,3,4,5 It often co-exists with other etiologies such as hypertension, coronary artery disease and viral cardiomyopathy.1 The heightened activation of the sympathetic neuroendocrine system (SNES) and adrenergic signaling pathway is a conspicuous characteristic, which is reflected by increasing levels of catecholamine (CA), epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE).1,6 In normal physiological conditions, the SNES becomes a crucial regulator of cardiac function during episodes of acute stress or injury.1,6,7 This adaptive process is initiated in order to compensate for decreased contractility.1 In that case the CAs, E, and NE further bind to the myocardial adrenergic receptors (ARs).1,6,8 This process becomes maladaptive, leading to disease progression because cardiac reserves decrease over time.6,9,10 Furthermore, the heart is unable to respond to stress and injury via CAs binding to ARs.1 Therefore, adverse implications are associated with the chronic activation of the SNES in the human heart, which further accelerate cardiac pathology. 6,9,11 In the heart, NE binds to the??1B and
The dilemma: Doctors accept gifts from pharmaceutical companies as part of the process of purchasing pharmaceuticals.
Processing our issue through the various approaches and applying the theory The dilemma: Doctors accept gifts from pharmaceutical companies as part of the process of purchasing pharmaceuticals. The Approaches: Utilitarian - Identify various courses of action, then who is affected by those actions and what are the benefits or detriment. Action that provides the most benefit and least harm is chosen. Rights - Identify if the action respects the moral rights of all affected. Justice - Identify if actions treat all the same and determine if it shows any favoritism or discrimination. Common-good - Identify within the community and focus on social systems beneficial to all. Virtue - Identify attributes and character of corporation and determine how corporation fits into the community. The Theories: Teleological - Concerned with the "consequence" which results from an action or business practice. Deontological - concerned with the "rule" used to arrive at an action or decision rather than the consequence. . Utilitarian Approach Applied: If we apply the Utilitarian approach to the dilemma, we must first identify other courses of action and then the affects, benefits and harms. .1 First and foremost all gifts are refused. .2 Then the drug is registered with the In-Hospital Pharmacy for comparison with currently used drugs and/or other drugs under consideration.
Synthesis and Analysis of an Iron Compound
Name: Austin Cao Partner: Zach Date: October 1, 2009 Experiment 15: Synthesis and Analysis of a Compound of Iron Introduction In this experiment, we will synthesize a compound of iron, oxalate, potassium, and water and determine theoretical, actual, and percent yield for the synthesis. We will examine the components of the compound and determine the empirical formula. Reference Towson University Department of Chemistry, Laboratory Experiments in General Chemistry, Chem 110 and Chem 111, Version 8.0, 2007, pp. 103-116. Data and Observations Table 1. Measuring the Absorbance of Iron Solutions Tested Flask Standard 1 (1 ml) Standard 2 (2 ml) Standard 3 (3 ml) Standard 4 (4 ml) Standard 5 (5 ml) Initial (ml) 1.00 1.99 3.99 7.00 6.71 Final (ml) 1.99 3.99 7.00 20.99 21.71 Amount of solution (ml) 0.99 2.00 3.01 3.99 5.00 Absorbance 0.220 0.407 0.607 0.811 .013 Concentration of stock standard iron solution: 0.05023 mg/ml Amount of unknown sample used in the solution: 0.128 grams Absorbance of unknown solution: 0.220 Table 2. Titration of the Na2C2O4 Solution Trial # 2 3 Mass of beaker + sample (g) 23.142 13.718 95.137 Mass of beaker (g) 22.922 33.472 94.921 Mass of Na2C2O4
SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting Lab report (extensive methods section)
BM310 Generic Skills Labs | Lab Report 1 Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Western Blotting. Abstract This experiment made use of the Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis technique to plot a curve displaying the electrophoretic mobilities of 7 proteins against the known molecular weights. Another sample was also run in the SDS-PAGE but with an unknown protein sample. Two proteins were found in the sample and their electrophoretic mobilities alongside the standard curve made with the known proteins, were used to determine the molecular weight of these proteins. Western Blotting was carried out with the separating gel from the SDS-PAGE and the proteins were observed on a nitrocellulose membrane, achieved by several procedures, including treatment with antibody solution and a colour development solution, to ensure the protein could be visualised. _____________________________________________________________________ Introduction Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is a common biomolecular technique used to separate protein mixtures by exploiting their different electrophoretic mobilities. Electrophoretic mobilities differ in proteins according to a number of factors including chain length, molecular weight, the way the protein folds into its tertiary and/or quaternary structures, and the
Alternative Fuels Thesis: Natural gas is the most economical and environmental friendly fuel for motor vehicles
Alternative Fuels Thesis: Natural gas is the most economical and environmental friendly fuel for motor vehicles Introduction The utilization of conventional fuel in motor vehicles is the main cause of air pollution. The emission of certain gases by the utilization of such fuels results in green house effect that can prove to be hazardous to the environment. Hence, an alternative to reduce air pollution is to develop other kinds of fuels. There are various researches done in this field and several other types of fuel such as electric fuel, natural gas, hydrogen, fuel cell etc are in the development stages. However, these types of fuel have to be feasible for utilization. Of the various types of alternative fuels, natural gas is the most economical and reduces air pollution. Analysis The most common types of alternative fuels considered for motor vehicles are electric fuel, natural gas, hydrogen and fuel cell. Each of these fuels has its own advantages and disadvantages. The best alternative fuel will be the one that is economical and reduces air pollution. There are various types of motor vehicles depending on the kind of fuel utilized in it such as electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and natural gas fuel vehicles An electric fuel vehicle has the capacity of not producing any pollutants and even if they do, it is easier to control it. However,
What Do Biologists Do?
What Do Biologists Do? Taking a level biology would allow me to work in research, health care, or education. For some biology jobs, a two-year college degree is sufficient. Examples include medical assistant, dental hygienist, or veterinary technician. But most life sciences careers require at least an undergraduate degree (Bachelor of Science, B.S.) and often an advanced degree, such as a Master of Science (M.S.). Research jobs typically require the Doctor of Philosophy degree (Ph.D.), which may take five or six years of intense and demanding training. There are some specialized degrees in the life sciences, the most prominent being the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), which usually takes four years to earn. Physicians must then do additional training before they can practice medicine. Biology is a very useful subject. Many careers await those with biological knowledge, in fields ranging from medicine to education to environmental protection. Even if I don't think I'll use biology in my profession, I'll learn how living things work, how they interact with one another, and how they evolved. This knowledge and a scientific way of thinking will help me make personal health decisions, when I evaluate the environmental positions of elected officials and the quality of scientific explanations by the media, and even when I buy goods and services. Studying biology teaches me to ask
Hybrid and Hydrogen-Based Automobiles.
Hybrid and Hydrogen-Based Automobiles By Table of Contents . INTRODUCTION 1 .1 Purpose .2 Problem .3 Scope 2. DISCUSSION 2 2.1 Hybrids 2.1.1 Process 2.1.2 Parallel and Series Configurations 2.1.2.1 Parallel 3 2.1.2.2 Series 2.1.3 Energy Consumption 4 2.1.4 Environment 5 2.2 Hydrogen 6 2.2.1 Production 2.2.2 Storage 7 2.2.2.1 Hydrogen from Natural Gas 2.2.2.2 Hydrogen from Biomass 2.2.2.3 Hydrogen by Electrolysis 2.2.3 Environment 8 2.2.3.1 Fuel Cells 2.2.4 Safety 9 3. CONCLUSION 10 3.1 Summary 3.2 Future REFERENCES 11 APPENDIX A 12 List of figures and Tables Fig. 1 Parallel Configuration 6 Fig. 2 Series Configuration 7 Table 1 Fuel Efficiency 5 Table 2 Exhaust Emissions 8 . INTRODUCTION .1 Purpose This report provides information concerning two new types of automobiles that have made an impact on oil and energy conservation as well as on the environment. Hybrid and hydrogen-based vehicles are very different automobiles; therefore they will be discussed separately to better describe their characteristics and their impacts on natural