Food Science -Experiments to Determine the Properties and Uses of Enzymes in Food Preperation.
I. Introduction Enzymes are protein molecules with a special function. Produced by living cells, they act as catalysts to change the rate of a chemical reaction without actually being used up in the reaction itself. Enzymes catalyze a wide range of reactions in living matter, from the digestion of foods in the digestive tract of animals to most of the complex processes occurring in plant and animal metabolism. Enzymes in plant and animal tissues do not stop functioning when the animal is slaughtered or the plant tissue is harvested. Thus we must deal with enzymatic activity when we handle foods from these sources (Bennion & Scheule, Introductory Foods, 2010). In connection to this, the experiment was conducted with the following objectives: . To demonstrate the influence of temperature on activity of enzymes 2. To know the characteristics of catalases, polyphenoloxidase, peroxidases, and invertase 3. To enumerate the functions of catalases, polyphenoloxidase, peroxidases, and invertase 4. To explain the principle of catalase test, polyphenoloxidase test, peroxidase test, and invertase test 5. To assess the behavior of pectin methyl esterase during processing 6. To explain the implications of PME activity in thermal processing of tomato juice 7. To illustrate the action of proteases on myofibrillar proteins, egg albumin, and gelatin II. Review of Related Literature
Changes in the GRK2 Expressions during Heart Failure
Hasmitaben Patel Student ID: 260114948 EXMD 506: Advanced Applied Cardiovascular Physiology Professor: Terry Hebert Co-Professor: Adel Giaid December 3, 2007 Changes in the GRK2 Expressions during Heart Failure Heart failure (HF) is on the increase as a cause of morbidity and mortality today.1,2,3,4,5 It often co-exists with other etiologies such as hypertension, coronary artery disease and viral cardiomyopathy.1 The heightened activation of the sympathetic neuroendocrine system (SNES) and adrenergic signaling pathway is a conspicuous characteristic, which is reflected by increasing levels of catecholamine (CA), epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE).1,6 In normal physiological conditions, the SNES becomes a crucial regulator of cardiac function during episodes of acute stress or injury.1,6,7 This adaptive process is initiated in order to compensate for decreased contractility.1 In that case the CAs, E, and NE further bind to the myocardial adrenergic receptors (ARs).1,6,8 This process becomes maladaptive, leading to disease progression because cardiac reserves decrease over time.6,9,10 Furthermore, the heart is unable to respond to stress and injury via CAs binding to ARs.1 Therefore, adverse implications are associated with the chronic activation of the SNES in the human heart, which further accelerate cardiac pathology. 6,9,11 In the heart, NE binds to the??1B and
ETHICAL DISCUSSION OF PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERS
THE MISSING ETHICAL DISCUSSION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH AFRICA'S 1997 LAWSUIT AGAINST THE SOUTH AFRICAN GOVERNMENT Kurt L. Davis Jr. PLCP 581: Final Essay Professor Robert Fatton April 25, 2005 CONTENTS I. Introduction...................................................................2 II. Background and History to the Case....................................5 III. The Ethical Discussion Underlining the Lawsuit.....................13 IV. Conclusion....................................................................19 V. Works Cited..................................................................22 Introduction According to most historians and health researchers, it is generally accepted that the first case of Acquired Immo-Deficiency Syndrome universally known as AIDS was first reported in the United States in 1981. AIDS has been conclusively found to be the result of or alternatively induced by the virus called Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus universally known as HIV. HIV progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections through the continual annihilation of the body's immune system. Essentially, this means that those HIV infected individuals are placed at risk to a range of cancers and diseases including tuberculosis. HIV/AIDS has gone beyond the bane of relatively small groups such as intravenous drug users and
Bi technology and food security: The clue for a new green revolution?
BITECHNOLOGY AND FOOD SECURITY: THE CLUE FOR A NEW GREEN REVOLUTION? RURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS TANIA MARTIN CRUZ APRIL 2002 INTRODUCTION Biotechnology is a new revolution; it has the power to modify DNA in living organisms in order to achieve the required results. With biotechnology genetic engineering has reached a powerful status, it means that human beings can adapt living organisms to their necessities or desires. My goal has been to analyse biotechnology and specifically Genetic Modified Crops (GM crops), to know if they can be the tool for a New Green Revolution. A revolution that will be able to provide food security to the poor in developing countries, to use the potential benefits of biotechnology to prevent hunger and poverty, to improve the nutritional status of food or make them adaptable to specific weather conditions among other properties. To achieve this I have analysed the principal points of view about biotechnology, their objectives, benefits and risks and from this I have developed my own arguments about biotechnology and food security. My assumption and the arguments given are addressed to demonstrate that biotechnology could be a potential tool to improve food security but the actual companies being managed to develop researches on biotechnology are not considering food security as one of the main goals, on the contrary, they are adapting
Isolation & Characterisation of Proteins. The purpose of conducting this experiment is to study protein separation using two different methods, which are the SDS-polyacrylamide gel and ion exchange chromatography
Name: Ng Yen Pheng Student ID: 22353046 Day and date: Tuesday, 3 April 2012 Title: Isolation & Characterisation of Proteins Aim: The purpose of conducting this experiment is to study protein separation using two different methods, which are the SDS-polyacrylamide gel and ion exchange chromatography. This practical also aims to study what types of ion exchangers which are more suitable to separate different types of proteins. This experiment also aims to compare the separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE and ion exchange chromatography. Results: Part A: SDS-PAGE Figure 1: Image of SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Table 1: Distance migrated (cm) by different length of protein fragments denatured by SDS Bands Molecular Weight, MW (kDa) Log10 (MW) Distance migrated (mm) 250 2.40 4 2 30 2.11 24 3 00 2.00 33 4 70 .85 43 5 55 .74 48 6 35 .54 - 7 25 .40 66 8 5 .18 75 9 0 .00 87 [( - ) in the table indicates that the band is missing] Figure 2: Graph of log (Molecular weight) against distance migrated for marker. Table 2: Distance migrated and size of fragments of 3% haemoglobin being denatured by SDS with different dilution factor in the presence of 1% of BSA. Dilution factor Distance migrated (mm) Log (Molecular weight) Molecular Weight (kDa) /5 (Sample A) 43 .819 65.892 90 0.929 8.497 /10 (Sample B) 44 .780 63.083
Optimization of DNA Extraction from Medically and Environmentally important Fungi for Polymerase Chain Reaction
Qualification BTEC Higher National Diploma in Biomedical Science Level 5 Module Name Project Module Number Module 6 Title of practical Optimization of DNA extraction from medically and environmentally important fungi for polymerase chain reaction Name of Candidate Thevaraja Nirojith Optimization of DNA Extraction from Medically and Environmentally important Fungi for Polymerase Chain Reaction Investigator:Mr.ThevarajaNirojith Principle supervisors - Prof. R .S. Dassanayake Dr. O. V. D. J. Weerasena Co-supervisor – Mr. Mohan Geekiyanage Durdans Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory Durdans Hospital, 3, Alfred Place, Colombo 03. Declaration: I ………………………………………………. confirm that I have read and understood the Institute regulations concerning plagiarism and that the work contained within this project report is my own work within the meaning of the regulations. Signature: Date: Acknowledgment My sincere thanks to Prof. R. S. Dassanayake, Dr. O. V. D. J. Weerasena, (ceygenbiotecdurdans hospital) for granting me a place to do my research. My thanks to Mr. MohanGeekiyanage, Miss. Pushpamali Silva they helped in each and every practical. Finally my thanks to Dr.Sajani( lecture of BMS), Mr. NisamRasak ( Director of BMS), for helping me in finding a research project. Abstract Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls
Characterize of organic macromolecules, which are carbohydrates, protein, and lipid, that present food.
Title Characterize of organic macromolecules, which are carbohydrates, protein, and lipid, that present food. Objectives > To describe the presence of Monosaccharide (single sugar) and Disaccharide (double sugar) in Benedict's reagent. > To describe the presence of polysaccharide (starch) in Iodine reagent. > To describe the presence of protein in Biuret reagent. > To describe the presence of lipid on brown paper. > To study the difference between Monosaccharide and Disaccharide. > To study the hydrolysis of carbohydrates. > To identity the food samples with the presence of starch, single sugar, double sugar, protein, or lipid. Introduction The experiment is to study about the organic macromolecular, which are carbohydrate, protein and lipid. Carbohydrate is a macromolecular that contains carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atom, in the ratio approximate one carbon, one oxygen and two hydrogen. The carbohydrate divided into three main types: monosaccharide (single sugar), disaccharide (double sugar joint by glycosidic linkage), and also polysaccharide (multiple sugar joint by glycosidic linkage). The examples for monosaccharide are: glucose, fructose and galactose, the examples for disaccharide are: maltose (glucose + glucose), sucrose (fructose + glucose) and lactose (galactose + glucose), whereas the examples for polysaccharides are: starch, glycogen and cellulose.
Biotechnology companies within the UK.
Biotechnology companies within the UK Simon Potter Applied Biology Introduction The UK leads Europe in Biotechnology and is second in the world in terms of capitalisation, beaten only by the US. 46% of Europe's biotech companies are British. More than 50% of European drugs in clinical trials are British. This is partly due to the consolidation of maturing companies and in the continuing investment by venture capital groups and institutional investors (the venture capital industry has invested some £344 million in biotechnology over the last ten years). The Pharmaceutical Industry is the second largest contributor to Gross Domestic Product behind Financial Services. There are several very big players in the UK with GlaxoWelcome, SmithKline Beecham and AstraZeneca being the three largest UK based companies. In America the largest organization (in capital terms) is Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), and until recently this was the world's largest company. In recent years with the merger of Glaxo Welcome and Smith Kline Beecham to form GSK, Merck Sharp & Dohme have been relegated to second position. There are three distinct types of pharmaceutical companies in the UK: * Research and Development (An Integrated Company) * Research Only - i.e. Biotechnology * Contract Pharmaceutical Organization (CPO) i.e. Snyder and Ashfield Problems faced by Biotech companies A recent
This experiment was carried out to separate and characterize the protein mixture which contained haemoglobin and serum albumin using two different methods, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-page) and ion exchange chromatography (IEC)
Title: Isolation and characterization of proteins Aims: This experiment was carried out to separate and characterize the protein mixture which contained haemoglobin and serum albumin using two different methods, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-page) and ion exchange chromatography (IEC). The principles on the operation mode of SDS-page and IEC were studied. Besides that, the comparison of DEAE and CM column of IEC on separating proteins was made. The experiment was also carried out to determine the percentage recovery of proteins. Results: A. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-page) Figure1. The gel image of separated proteins of SDS-page electrophoresis Table1. The distance travelled for each molecular weight of separated proteins in standard marker in SDS-page gel Molecular weight of proteins in standard marker, kDa Logarithm of molecular weight of proteins in standard marker, kDa Distance migrated by each protein, cm 250 2.40 2.0 30 2.11 2.8 00 2.00 3.6 70 .85 4.5 55 .74 5.1 35 .54 6.7 25 .40 7.5 5 .18 8.6 Figure2. The graph of distance travelled by separated proteins, cm against the logarithm of molecular weight of proteins, kDa Table2. The distance travelled for each molecular weight of proteins in SDS-page gel Distance migrated by each protein, cm Logarithm of molecular weight of proteins in standard marker,
The control of information in Science - A One World Essay on Biotechnology.
The control of information in Science A One World Essay on Biotechnology by: Nikita Malik 10R As President Roosevelt once said, "There is nothing to fear but fear itself." In today's society, however, not only do we have a lot to fear about, but we have plenty of reason to be fearful itself. What is unsettling is that the discovery and practice of biological weapons can destroy the lives of millions of people in a matter of mere seconds, and further disturbing is the fact that the key decisions made about the use of this technology is placed in the hands of someone else. That, to me, is something to be scared about. But science and its discoveries, unfortunately, play a major part in the making of our present and future anxieties. "Molecular bio-technology will transform agriculture, energy production, health care, and microelectronics; however, it will also pose significant military and strategic challenges." (Venter, www.pbs.org) One of the main problems we are facing today is the utilization of biological weapons. A boundless debate goes on about whether or not the use of this technology should be restricted. By controlling bio-technology, less developed countries will miss out on several opportunities, for this equipment can eradicate poverty, lack of crops, serve as assistance after natural disasters (or for that matter, after social or economic disasters), and