A good quality image is the key factor to a successful abdominal x-ray.
A good quality image is the key factor to a successful abdominal x-ray. There are many scientific principles involved in the production of an x-ray image which can be controlled by the operator. Although exposure factors can be varied and altered in different aspects, the abdominal x-ray is much more limited in diagnosis than a basic chest x-ray. (Bicklem, I 2006) The supine abdominal x-ray is the standard for an x-ray. (Kelly, B. 2002). The supine postion for abdominal x-rays is used 99% of the time. The abdominal radiograph is one of the most commonly requested images. X-rays of the supine abdominal postion are past from front to back. (Kelly, B. 2002). The supine positon is more appropriate to demonstrate objects. (Ball, C and Price, T 1995). It is important to manipulate the exposure factors in order to produce the best quality image. The quality of the beam indicates its penetrating power. Knowlodge of these factors assist the radiographer in achieving the best quality image possible. Ball, C and Price, T 1995). When taking a successful abdominal x-ray, it is important to focus on the patient in relation to the controlling factors. There is no advance preparation required. The radiographer should get the patients history as they may determine exposure factors or inidcate any varitations that may be needed. The patient lies in a supine position (facing upwards).
The Cytoskeleton - Its Functions and Structure
The Cytoskeleton-Its Functions and Structure I have decided to base my essay on the cytoskeleton as this is a very interesting field of biology and there are copious amounts of information and research involving it. I hope by doing this essay I can extend my knowledge of the cytoskeleton and that it may help me during my forthcoming exams. The first thing that must be understood about the cytoskeleton is that it is not present in all living cells. The cytoskeleton is unique to eukaryotic cells and is not present in prokaryotes such as bacteria. It is suggested that the cytoskeleton may have been a crucial factor in the evolution of eukaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton is like a scaffold, made up of fibrous proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. It's a very dynamic three-dimensional. Cells can easily adopt a variety of shapes and carry out coordinated and directed movements because they possess this network of fibrous proteins. Some of the functions that the cytoskeleton serves that will be discussed more further on in the essay include: establishing cell shape, providing mechanical strength, locomotion, chromosome separation in mitosis/meiosis and intracellular transport of organelles. These diverse activities of the cytoskeleton depend on different types of protein fibres which are, actin filaments (or otherwise known as microfilaments), microtubules and intermediate
MELTING POINT OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
NAME : THAMARAI A/P RAJENDRAN ID NUMBER : 09ALB07214 LABORATORY 1A : ATOMIC STRUCTURE, BONDING AND PERIODICITY COURSE : BIOTECHNOLOGY (YEAR 1 SEM 1) EXPERIMENT 7: MELTING POINT OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. TITLE: Melting Point of Organic Compounds. OBJECTIVES OF EXPERIMENT: The objective of this experiment is to identify unknown organic compound by melting point depression method. Practice use of melting point apparatus by measuring melting point of some pure organic compound. THEORY AND BACKGROUND: The melting point of organic solid can be determined by introducing a tiny amount of the substance into a small capillary tube, attaching this to the stem of a thermometer centerd in heating bath, heating the bath slowly, and observing the temperatures at which melting begins and is complete. Pure samples usually have sharp melting points, for example 149.5°C-150°C or 189°C-190°C; impure samples of the same compounds melt at lower temperatures and over a wide range, for example; 145°C-148°C or 187°C-189°C. The contaminant that depresses the melting point and extends the melting range may be an indefinitely characterized resinous material or it may be a trace of a second chemical entity of melting point either higher or lower than that of the major component. Under equilibrium conditions (no super cooling) the temperature at which a pure solid melts is identical
Biology Light & Life
.1 The Physical Nature of Light - Functions of light on earth: Source of energy that sustains life providing organisms with info. about the physical world • eyespot - a light sensor that allows sensing of both light direction and light intensity. What Is Light? - The reason there is life on earth is because of its distance from the sun (150 000 000 km). - The sun converts over 4 million tones of matter into energy every second >> given off as electromagnetic radiation, which travels at the speed of light & reaches the Earth in ~8 minutes. -Electromagnetic radiation moves in the form of 2 waves: electrical & magnetic, oriented at 90º to each other • Wavelength - the distance between two successive peaks. Wavelength of electromagnetic radiation ranges from less than one picometre for cosmic rays to more than a kilometre for radio waves. LIGHT - The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see. - A narrow band on the electromagnetic spectrum from 400nm (blue light) to ~700nm (red light). Wavelengths outside this range are referred to as ultraviolet and infrared radiation. - Behaves as a stream of energy particles (packets) called photons. - Photons have no mass, but contain a precise amount of energy, which is related to its wavelength. * Short wavelength - high energy * Long wavelength - low energy Light Interacts With Matter - When
Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision
Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision Although vertebrates and invertebrates originally evolved from a common ancestral root, both have developed very different physical utilities for vision. Both are fairly effective and have taken many millions of years to evolve. They contain many common underlying mechanisms but differ in the features used to provide them. The definition of an eye is 'an organ of visual perception that includes parts specialized for optical processing of light as well as well as photoreceptive neurons' (Alberts). The main feature of an eye therefore, in all organisms that possess one, is the collection of photoreceptors used in converting light energy into action potentials (electrical energy). When comparing vertebrate and invertebrate vision, the two best-studied cases are the compound eye exemplified by arthropods and the simple eye used in vertebrates. The main difference between the compound and simple eye is that the compound eye uses a spatial array of lenses so that each image in a local region of visual space falls onto one or a few photoreceptors. The simple eye, however, uses a single lens to image the world onto an array of photoreceptors. Compound eyes produce mosaic images. The compound eye is made up of many optical units called ommatidiums, each of which is aimed at a different part of the visual field. Each
Discuss the impact on human health and disease of Clostridium
'Discuss the impact on human health and disease of Clostridium, Candida and Cryptosporidium' Clostridium, Candida and Cryptosporidium are microorganisms cause infection disease. Clostridium is an anaerobic bacterium from genes clostridium (Willey.J, Sherwood.J (2007), Prescott Microbiology). It is a rod shaped gram positive bacterium has more than fifteen species.They are obligate anaerobes and capable of producing endospores. Candida is type of fungi that naturally lives in human body as commensals. The most common species that cause gastrointestinal infections is C.Albicans. Cryptosporidium is coccidian protozoan parasite. It has monoxenous life cycle, completing its entire cycle within a single host (Flanigan and Soave, 1993) Clostridium has three main species that affect human health: C.Botulinum, C.Perfringens, C.Tetani, which affect on different body system and organs. C.Botulinum produces neurotoxin that causes flaccid paralysis. Usually the toxin affected the autonomic nerves that control body function like respiration and heart beat (Michael.T Madigan (2003), Brock Microorganisms). Most infection of C.Botulinum is caused by food borne. Botulinum spores germinate and cells produce toxin when food have not cook properly. Infant botulism occurs when spores of C.Botulinum are ingested and develop in the intestines.C.Perfringens can germinate under anoxic condition such
Immunology Practical: Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Immunology Practical: Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Aim To acquire understanding and knowledge to determine the antibody titre of the Rabbit Anti-Ferritin Antibody using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Introduction ELISA is a rapid immunochemical assay that involves an enzyme (a protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction). It also involves an antibody or antigen (immunologic molecules). The ELISA is a fundamental tool of clinical immunology, and is used as an initial screen for pathogens detection. Based on the principle of antibody-antibody interaction, in this assay you can easy visualisation the results and can be completed without the use of radioactive materials. The ELISA technique is the first and most basic assay to determine if an individual is positive for a selected pathogen, such as HIV. The applications of immunoassays are extended to other fields such as infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer, degenerative diseases, haematology and pharmacology. Applications have not been confined to human health care. Many applications have been described in veterinary medicine, agriculture, environmental health and the food industry. The assay is performed in a microtitre plate (plastic) which contains an 8 x 12 matrix of 96 wells. They also called indirect ELISA or sandwich ELISA. Microtitre plates are coated with antigen.
Plasma Membranes in Eukaryotic Organisms
Discuss the Importance of Plasma Membranes in Eukaryotic Organisms. The structure of Plasma Membranes within Eukaryotic cells is often called the fluid mosaic model, and they have a great deal of importance when it comes to the functions of Eukaryotic cells, that happen to be in both plant and animals. Examples of Eukaryotic cells include tissue cells, amoeba, mushrooms, and palisade cells. The membranes of these cells are made up of various different parts; this comprises of integral proteins, peripheral proteins, glycoproteins, cholesterol, lipoproteins, phospholipids and glycolipids. The fluid mosaic model consists of a phospholipids bi-layer. This is where the lipids hydrophobic tails point towards the centre of the membrane and the hydrophilic heads point towards the surface of the fluid mosaic model. This is a brief diagram of the fluid mosaic model. [1][3] The major importance of the cell membrane is providing a permeable boundary that circulates the double membrane cell. Examples of double membrane organelles include organelles such as a mitochondrion and the nucleus. The principle of how cells became double membraned is that the early prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another prokaryotic cell, and that there singular membranes worked together, and formed a double membrane which is more efficient, this is called endosymbiosis. The idea of this fluid mosaic model is to
Macromolecule Analysis
Macromolecule Analysis UW ID: Partner: TA: Section Number: 005 30 L September 28, 2010, 7:00PM - 9:50PM, Biology 2-149 Experiment Date: September 21, 2010 Introduction The purpose of this lab experiment is to identify the types of macromolecules in the solutions supplied. Using the results of the known substances, the unknown may be predicted. This experiment also familiarize with the concept of treatment controls which are used to check if the experimental conditions and procedures were conducted correctly. A positive control displays that the procedure that is very similar to the actual experimental test. The experimental result is that which is hypothesized and done many times before. A negative control is a result which does not change the normal state or negative result. (Johnson and Besselsen, 2002) In this lab, we dealt with three biochemical processes including Iodine test, Benedict's test, and Biuret test. The Iodine test reacts with starch forming a colour change. Starch is a polymer of glucose which is made up of two polymers, amylase and amylopectin. Glycogen is also a polymer of glucose which is made up of amylopectin. Amylose is an unbranched, helical molecule whose sugars are joined by ? (1 › 4) linkages. Amylopectin is a branched helical molecule. The amylose forms helices where iodine molecules assemble, forming a dark blue/black colour. The
Describe the structural compartmentation of mammalian cells and the differing functions of these compartments
Describe the structural compartmentation of mammalian cells and the differing functions of these compartments Introduction Cells with a membrane-bound nucleus are categorised in the eukaryote super kingdom [3]. Mammalian cells are one of four eukaryotic kingdoms, alongside Plantae, Fungi and Protista. Eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes in several ways, including their larger size, multicellular properties, the presence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Yet, it seems probable that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes, with the most likely explanation being the endosymbiotic theory. When looking under a powerful microscope at the ultrastructure of a mammalian cell we can see that it is compromised of several components. These subunits work together to form effective cell structures, which assemble into a tissue, which in turn construct an organism. Figure 1. The anatomy of an animal cell Source:http://molecular.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html Mammalian cells differ in structure depending on the ways in which they have specialised to carry out particular functions. The typical eukaryotic cell