OBJECTIVES: To determine the fragility of the erythrocyte membrane against the hemolytic effect of NaCl solutions of varying concentrations
PRACTICAL 4: OSMOTIC FRAGILITY OBJECTIVES: To determine the fragility of the erythrocyte membrane against the hemolytic effect of NaCl solutions of varying concentrations. INTRODUCTION: Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent through a semi-permeable from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration. The semi-permeable membrane is permeable to the solvent, but not to the solute, resulting in a chemical potential difference across the membrane which drives the diffusion. That is the solvent flows from the side of the membrane where the solution is weakest to the side it is strongest, until the solution on both sides of the membrane is the same strength (that is, until the chemical potential is equal on both sides). Red blood cells are bound by a membrane, which allows water to pass through while generally restricting the solutes. This process called osmosis, causes cells to shrink due to loss of water when in a hypotonic medium. This results in swelling and ultimately haemolysis as the cell bursts. The osmotic fragility test uses this fact to determine the concentration of solute inside the cell by subjecting it to the hemolytic effects of solutions of different concentrations. MATERIALS: . Ten test tube of NaCl (0.85%, 0.75%, 0.65%, 0.55%, 0.50%, 0.40%, 0.35%, 0.20%, 0.10% and 0%) 2. Distilled water 3. Blood 4. Pipette 5.
Essay on Vitamin D and its deficiency
Introduction Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble vitamin which can be obtained from a few foods, sunlight and supplements (Office of Dietary Supplements, 2009). The main role of Vitamin D is to assist the metabolism of Calcium and Phosphorus and also involve in mineralization of bone. Till now, different forms of Vitamin D have been discovered, they are named Vitamin D1, D2 , D3, D4 and D5 respectively. They are prohormones. It means they are originally inactive, they have to undergo certain modifications to convert into active form. The figure below shows the two steps activation of Vitamin D prohormones (Figure 1). Two hydroxylation reactions for the Vitamin D prohormones for activation, the first hydroxylation takes place in the liver and intermediate called 25-hydroxyvitamin D (also called Calcidiol) are formed. The second hydroxylation takes place in the kidney and the intermediate 25-hydroxyvitamin D are then converted to active form known as 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D (also called Calcitriol). Figure 1: Pathway for the activation of Vitamin D Source: Mana, B., 2008 They are secosteroids. It means they are steroids with one of the bonds in the rings broken. Steroid is a group of substances with a sterane core which consists of four rings (Figure 2). Vitamin D has the similar structure as steroid. However, some of the bonds in the rings of Vitamin D are broken (Figure
Stem Cell Research
How to Boost Traffic to a Website: Practical and Easy Ideas to Attract Customers Aileen Guillen Grisel Aviles Monica Estremera Management Information Systems, Section 01 Dr. Bernardo Valencia November 5, 2008 How to Boost Traffic to a Website: Practical and Easy Ideas to Attract Customers With the many problems today that people are experiencing due to the overeating of junk food, the movement toward a healthier lifestyle is getting bigger everyday. Using the many articles on the internet and the newspapers about the dangerous disadvantages of junk food such as obesity, heart problems, blood pressure problems, and lots of others, human beings are gaining more consciousness about the need of consuming healthy food and the many benefits this action can carry to their lives. And that is why this is the perfect time to promote a website that offers the advantages of healthy food and supplements that can help our bodies to eliminate the bad toxins of unhealthy foods, which is the entire purpose of this paper, to offer non difficult and practical ideas on how to boost traffic to a website like the one described above. Traffic is an importance when it comes to linking the Internet, business and profits. The business generates sales based on the traffic brought in and how the traffic is brought in. The essential strategy to follow is finding out how to target the right
