Comparison of numbers of organisms In Coniferous And Deciduous Woodlands
COMPARISON OF NUMBERS OF ORGANISMS IN CONIFEROUS AND DECIDUOUS WOODLANDS ABSTRACT Hypotheses Null Hypothesis (Ho) - there was no difference in the number of organisms in the two soils. Alternative Hypothesis (H1) - there was a difference in the number of organisms in the two soils. An experiment was done to find out whether there was a difference in the number of organisms in the coniferous and deciduous woodlands. A quadrat of 10m by 10m was used and co-ordinates 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 5,7 5,8 5,9 5,10 were used because these were exactly in the middle of the quadrat area. Ten samples of leaf litter and ten samples of humus was obtained from each woodland. In the laboratory tullgren funnels were set up, the samples were tested and the organisms were collected. A results table was made to record the numbers of organisms in. The results were displayed in graphs and tables. The graphs show the average number of each organism and the actual number of each organism in each of the woodlands. In the third graph five significant organisms have been picked out. This is because they have significant values and reasons for these values. The tullgren funnel was set up using a certain amount of the leaf litter that acted as a sieve that the organisms could fall through from the humus that was placed on top of the leaf litter. 20g of humus and 10g of leaf litter
Mechanisms of insect resistance induced by treatment of Lycopersicon esculentum seeds by jasmonic acid
Mechanisms of insect resistance induced by treatment of Lycopersicon esculentum seeds by jasmonic acid. Abstract: Research has suggested that jasmonic acid (JA) treatment of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds would cause a constant and higher rate of induced resistance to insect herbivores through increased defence gene expression, leading to increased concentrations of polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). It is already known that methyl jasomnate (MeJA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are vital in the octadecanoid wound-signalling pathway and that the exogenous application of JA to tomato crops has been shown to increase PPO levels. However, during this study, the treatment of seeds did not lead to any statistically significant evidence to support current theories on this, but, did show that JA treatment on tomato seeds to have a slight positive effect on the increase of PPO activity in the wounded and unwounded plants. At the present this study does not give strong enough evidence to support the general release of JA treated seeds for use in agriculture at this in the near future. However, this is not to say that JA application exogenously is not a viable option in natural herbivore resistance. It must be understood, that the results here are not wholely conclusive either way and could be due to erroneous experimental data. The fact that this study has shown there to be no positive
Examination of Protozoan Cultures to Determine Cellular Structure and Motion Pattern
Examination of Protozoan Cultures to Determine Cellular Structure and Motion Pattern Abstract Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes with either plant- or animal-like characteristics. Through careful observation, we analyzed various protozoan cultures in order to identify characteristics associated with cell structure and movement of these one-celled organisms. We found that Protists exhibit certain characteristics that allow them to be categorized into different groups, mainly determined by their locomotion patterns. Despite differences in locomotion and the varying plant-like and animal-like organelles, all protists share key characteristics and functions that allow them to feed, grow, and reproduce--processes essential for survival and common to complex organisms. Introduction Unicellular eukaryotes belong to the kingdom Protista, and are often referred to as "protists" or "protozoans." The name "protozoan" means "first animal," but eukaryotes may display either plant or animal-like characteristics, or a combination of both. Although unicellular, they have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, making them functionally complex despite their small size. Each small protist is a self-supporting unit, carrying out all the processes for survival in just one cell. They thrive on moisture and can be found on moist soil and in fresh and marine bodies of water. There are about
strategic development
INTRODUCTION Marks and Spencer (hereinafter called M&S) is one of UK's leading retailers of clothes, food, home products and financial services (Kippenberger 1997). M&S has a record of success and profitability since its establishment with well known reputation for its innovative, quality products and reasonable price which offers customers value for their money. M&S sales and services been declined in mid to late 1990s. The purpose of this report to identify the key drivers that made M&S falls in their performance. The external environment scanning is concerned with the forces and factors that impact upon M&S. However, analysing those forces and factors will assist M&S in identifying the change in the environment, is often referred to as the macro-environment, planning in how to cope with such a change, and being ahead of the competitors in the adaptation to the new environment and the response to the market demands. PESTEL framework and Porters Five Forces model are the techniques that author uses to identify and analyse the problems that M&S experienced in the mid to late 90's. Then the author carries out an internal analysis of the organisation's resources and competences. Resource audit, value chain and SWOT analysis are the techniques to examine the activity of the M&S in order to reveal what was the basis of their competitive advantage. Furthermore, the author
An investigation to compare the number of Chironomus sp in a woodland pond compared to a meadow pond.
Abstract I carried out an investigation to compare the number of Chironomus sp in a woodland pond compared to a meadow pond. My hypothesis was, there would be a larger number of Chironomus sp in a woodland pond compared to a meadow pond. It is proven that Chironomus sp likes to live in areas with a high mud depth, high temperature and a low light intensity which are all factors of the woodland pond. 45 samples were taken from each pond with fishing net and a tray. The average number of Chironomus sp in the woodland equaled 11.92 while the average for the meadow pond was 1.26. The Mann-Whitney test showed a total score of 225 for the woodland pond, and 0 for the meadow pond. This meant I was able to prove my hypothesis correct. Introduction My Experiment I am carrying out an experiment to compare the number of Chironomus sp in a pond situated in the middle of woodland, it is covered by trees; the water is shallow with a lot of mud. Compared to a pond situated in the middle of the grassland and has many different species of plants growing from it; the water is deeper than the woodland pond and has more sunlight shining on it. Hypothesis There will be a larger number of Chironomus sp found in a woodland pond compared to the meadow pond. Null hypothesis There will be no difference in Chironomus sp in the woodland pond compared with the meadow pond. Background
A review of the development, production and post harvest requirements of Gerberas
A review of the development, production and post harvest requirements of Gerberas Heidi Baker BSc (Hons) Horticulture Contents .0 Introduction: 3 2.0 Market: 3 3.0 Production: 4 3.1 Propagation: 5 3.2 Cultivation in soil: 5 3.3 Cultivation in substrates: 6 3.4 Light Requirements: 8 3.5 Harvesting: 8 4.0 Pests and Diseases: 9 5.0 Post Harvest Requirements: 10 6.0 Development: 13 7.0 Conclusion: 14 8.0 References: 15 .0 Introduction: Gerberas (also known as the Transvaal or Barberton Daisy) were discovered in the early 1880's and have been popular with plant breeders ever since (Kessler, 1999). They are grown world wide and available all year round as cut flowers, pot plants and bedding plants, making them extremely versatile for many different markets. As cut flowers they are extremely popular as they are high value and available in over 200 different varieties (Flowers and Plants Association, 2007). They also have a long vase life, and cope well with transportation, which makes them suitable for domestic and export markets (Nair, 2003). Many improvements have been made over the years and most of the modern breeding work has come from the Netherlands where Gerberas were the fifth most popular flower to come out of the Dutch auctions in 2003 (Flower Council of Holland, 2003). 2.0 Market: Gerberas are very popular for use in bouquets in supermarkets and
Wye Valley Coursework
Wye Valley Coursework Introduction: The wood I visited was called Russell's Inclosure. It is located at 6110 on the OS map Wye Valley and Forest of Dean. It is 80 - 120 metres above sea level and 4 kilometres east of Coleford and 3/4 kilometres north east of Cinderford. Map showing the location of Russell's Inclosure Hypothesis: "The way a woodland is managed affects its ecosystem" Section One: What evidence of management is there in coniferous and deciduous woodland? Management is. There are four types of management. These are Habitat management, Estate management, Recreational management and Community and educational management. Each type of management is undertaken for different reasons and is made for sustaining different things. The following chart shows you the work of the different managements in the woodland and shows the work that it does. Habitat Management Reasons . Sites for tree planting carefully chosen. Different trees require different habitats; therefore tree sites need to be carefully chosen to ensure that the tree receives the correct amount of sunshine, rainfall, and nutrients in order for them to grow healthy. 2. New planting areas fenced Some animals eat plants in order for survival; this could mean eating new plants, as they are easily edible due to their size. By fencing of new planting sites there will be fewer animals that can eat the new
To investigate the effects of abiotic factors specifically pH on the abundance of marram grass.
Aim: To investigate the effects of abiotic factors specifically pH on the abundance of marram grass. Succession is the gradual change in an inhabitable terrain by which organisms are changed and replaced eventually forming a climax community habitable by many organisms. Primary succession begins with a barren terrain is inhabited by a pioneer species which colonises and allows the once inhabitable land to be occupied by other organisms. The succession I will be looking at will begin with a sandy environment, a psammosere. The main pioneer specie here is marram grass (A.arenaria). Pioneer species often have many adaptations that allow them to colonise in an environment that many other organisms couldn't. Marram grass is not different. As it colonises in a psammosere it has many xeromorphic adaptations. The plant is able to stabilise the sand and as it decomposes, it is able to provide nutrients to sand allowing it to become inhabitable by other plant species. The ability of a pioneer species such as marram grass to germinate grow and reproduce is called an Ecesis. Marram grass is a R-selected species. This means that in it's short lifetime it will reproduce a lot. During my experiment I will be investigating the effects of abiotic factors, specifically pH on the percentage abundance of marram grass. Null hypothesis: there is no correlation between pH and the abundance of
To what extent does plasticity of dipterocarp seedlings affect growth and survival in the tropical rainforest environment?
To what extent does plasticity of dipterocarp seedlings affect growth and survival in the tropical rainforest environment? 050139246 The Journal of Ecology (September 2007) To what extent does plasticity of dipterocarp seedlings affect growth and survival in the tropical rainforest environment? Abstract This study focused on survival and growth of three dipterocarp seedlings in exposed areas compared with shaded areas of the tropical rainforest, in order to determine the role plasticity plays in this. All species of dipterocarp seedlings showed some degree of morphological plasticity in response to the different environments. Each of the three dipterocarp species showed equal plasticity in terms morphological traits when subjected to different light conditions. Chlorophyll content was found to be a genetic trait rather than a trait of plasticity. Herbivory was also found to be determined by species rather than environment. Damage by herbivores was found to play a larger role in plant growth and survival than anticipated, perhaps more so than plasticity. Further study is required to determine the extent herbivory affects the growth and survival of these seedlings. Introduction The importance of tropical rainforests and their role in supporting much of the world's biodiversity is widely acknowledged, yet there is worldwide concern over the consequences of human
Test the following two hypothesises, "Trees modify their environment" and "Differences in woodland ecosystem are the result of different management strategies".
Geography Coursework Introduction The aim of this coursework is to test the following two hypothesises, which are: "Trees modify their environment" and "Differences in woodland ecosystem are the result of different management strategies". The place where I gathered my information was Bishops Wood country park, which is located 1km west of Northwood at the Hertfordshire border 5km south of Rickmansworth. The majority of the wood is surrounded by farmland it is bordered on two sides by Shrubs road and Harefield road. The land is a gentle sloping valley running east to west. The size of the land is 38.8 hectares, it is approximately 95m above sea level. On the attached grid, you can see Bishop's Wood at grid reference 06.91. When I arrived at Bishop's Wood, we gathered all our equipment together to begin the experiment. Which is listed below: > Twelve meter transect > Quadrat > Soil testing kit > Barium sulphate > Universal indicator > Distilled water > PH identification chart > Light meter > Soil moisture meter > Thermometer Method I started my experiment in the deciduous woodland, we laid a twelve metre transact across a deciduous path ensuring that it was straight to prevent incorrect results. We than laid a half metre quadrat, and placed it at 0 metres. we then looked inside the quadrat and worked the percentages of what we saw inside the
