Evolution vs. Intelligent Design

Evolution vs. Intelligent Design Intelligent Design and Evolution are two major theories that have been observed in the history of science. Proponents from both sides argue that they use different methodological approaches to back up their theories, which invalidates their opponent's. There are several differences on their understanding of nature including the origin of life, natural selection, and the complexities the evolution. The most incompatible element of this debate is the methodological approach that either side takes in order to explain their understanding of nature. Whether they are really addressing the same issue is completely relative to how tolerant each side is of the other (should I clarify?) Despite their stark differences, both views have permeated the scientific and academic realms and have been accepted as popular theories worldwide. Although evolutionary ideas entertained the minds of ancient philosophers, it wasn't until 19th century when these ideas drew in legendary scientists (ie- Charles Darwin) and their harshest criticism. He addressed the concept of natural selection, in which life evolves through random mutations. Many concepts within evolutionary theory have been corroborated by scientific evidence. Scientists have been following DNA's footprints, which have been permanently engraved by concrete genetic research. Therefore, usually don't

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base and phosphate.

IB Biology SL III Ryan Martucci Topic 2: The Chemistry of Life 2-10-03 8th period Sub-topic: 2.4 DNA Structure 2.4.1 2 Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base and phosphate. Genetic information is stored by nucleic acid. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) and ribose nucleic acid (RNA). For the majority of organisms genetic information is stored in DNA in the nucleus and RNA are found in the cytoplasm. (Some viruses and prokaryotes store genetic information in RNA.) Nucleotides are complex molecules consisting of three molecules linked together: 1. a ribose pinto sugar, 2. a phosphate group, 3. a nitrogen bade. The sugar can be two possible sugars: 1. Ribose gives RNA with the molecular formula, C5H10O5, 2. Deoxyribose gives DNA with the molecular formula C5H10O4. The phosphate's molecular formula is H3PO4. Building a nucleotide: The nucleotide is usually represented as follows. Topic 2: The Chemistry of Life Sub-topic: 2.4 DNA Structure Page: 2 Since the reactions involves are condensation reactions, the equation becomes phosphate + sugar + organic base = nucleotide + two waters. 2.4.2 1 State the names of the four bases of DNA. The organic bases can be one of the five different bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil.

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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therapeutic cloning

7791159173Therapeutic Cloning Introduction The aim of this essay is to put opinions forward to determine whether therapeutic cloning will ever be used as a therapy by your GP. I will include social and scientific views on this subject to take in account the various aspects of different people's views. I will also discuss and explain the process of therapeutic cloning, showing scientific understanding of the subject. Main body Therapeutic cloning, also known as biomedical cloning, this procedure in the initial stages are similar to adult DNA cloning. The difference being that the stem cells will be removed from the pre-embryo, the reason for this is that it will be used to produce tissues or whole organs for a transplant back into the person who supplied the DNA. During the process, the pre-embryo dies. The reason for using therapeutic cloning is so that people can produce a healthier and more efficient copy of a sick person's tissue or organ for a transplant. The new tissue or organ would have the sick person's original DNA; the patient would not need to have immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their life, these drugs are normally used to help the patients after the transplant. Also there will be no danger of organ rejection. The process of therapeutic cloning begins when an individual requires a new tissue or organ; a cell is then extracted from the patient. A

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  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).

LAB REPORT Name-Surname:Pelin Yilmaz Student ID:1370790 Date of experiment:13-10-2003 Submitted to: Hatice Özel Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Purpose This technique is used for observation of proteins. It separates the molecules on the basis of their molecular charge. It can be used to examine the purity of proteins. For example we are trying to isolate some specific protein from a cell. After some processes we can find out if we have obtained the protein or not by SDS PAGE technique. Also it can be used to determine the molecular weight of proteins. The logarithm of the molecular weight of a protein is inversely proportional to its distance from the well. By simply drawing a graph by the values and writing an equation, molecular weight of every protein can be calculated from its distance to the well. Observations Calculations Molecular weight Log of Molecular Weight Distance Lactalbumin 4.2 ,1522883443830 5,40 Carbonic anhydrase 29 ,4623979978990 3,70 Albumin egg 45 ,6532125137750 2,80 Bovine albumin 66 ,8195439355420 ,80 The distance of purified protein=3.9 cm Molecular weight of purified protein= -0.1872*3.9 + 2.1632 = 1.43312 Antilog of 1.43312= 101.43312 = 27.11kDa Results and Discussion Polyacrylamide gel: This gel is used as a supporting medium. It is the composition of two

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  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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How has molecular evidence altered our views on human / ape relationships?

How has molecular evidence altered our views on human/ape relationships? The two major issues in investigating human/ape relationships, are the nature of the relationships between humans and great apes, and the timing of their divergence. Various molecular techniques can be used in order to try and establish molecular clocks, which rely on the regularity of change over time. Allthough the accuracy of such molecular clocks is questionable, the culmination of evidence from many different techniques and areas of research, enable us to piece together probable relationships and timescales, as well as enabling us to rule out previous suggestions which have been made in error. One form of molecular evidence of our ancestry is provided by immunological studies. An organism's immune system protects its body against invasion by foreign material, such as protein, as it may cause harm to the organism. The body responds to these foreign substances (antigens) by producing anti-bodies. These anti-bodies react against the antigen to either destroy or neutralise it. Each anti-body is specific to the invading antigen. The serum of blood contains proteins, such as albumin, but no clotting factor, therefore proteins from one animal are foreign to an animal of a different species. Such proteins therefore act as antigens in the other animal's body, and that animal produces antibodies to try

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  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Cell-cycle regulation is mediated by reversible phosphorylation events - Discuss.

Oliver Heath Corpus Christi College Cell cycle tutorial 1: Essay: Cell-cycle regulation is mediated by reversible phosphorylation events. Discuss. A cell reproduces by performing an orderly sequence of events in which it duplicates its contents and then divides in two. This cycle of duplication and division, known as cell cycle, is the essential mechanism by which all living cells reproduce. Eucaryotic cells have evolved a complex network of regulatory proteins known as the cell-cycle control system that governs progression through the cell-cycle. The core of this system is an ordered series of biochemical switches that control the main events of the cycle, including DNA replication and the segregation of the replicated chromosomes. A lot of these switches are involved in performing reversible phosphorylation events responsible for mediating cell-cycle regulation. The eucaryotic cell-cycle is divided into four sequential phases: G1, S, G2 and M. G1, S and G2 together are called interphase. Cells are released from mitosis into G1 phase, during which there is no DNA replication. The initiation of DNA replication marks the transition from the G1 phase to the period of S phase. The latter lasts until all of the DNA has been replicated. The G2 phase is the period of time that separates the S and M phases

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  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Sequencing the Human Genome

Sequencing the Human Genome What is the Human Genome? Every living organism is produced from DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) contained within the nucleus of their cells. DNA is primarily two strands of corresponding base/nucleotide pairs, consisting of Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine, arranged in a double helix linked by hydrogen bonds. The human genome is the 'order' in which these base pairs are arranged in humans which would allow certain amino acids, polypeptides and proteins to be formed by the process of translation of mRNA (formed by transcription). What is the Human Genome Project? The Human Genome Project was established in 1990, when public funding was agreed for the purpose of determining the human genome in terms of the order of the base pairs. Its original target completion date was 2005, but advancing technologies have allowed this to be brought forward to 2003. In June 2000, the first ever rough map of the human genome was completed, but not by the publicly-funded Humane Genome Project; instead by an independently run private research institute named 'Celera Genomics', which went on the complete the entire human genome in 2001 with the aid of genetic pioneer Frederick Sanger. Beginning the Human Genome Project Imagine that the human genome, which consists of over 3 billion nucleotide pairs, is the earth. In order to produce a map of its surface, it is

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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The purpose of this lab is to predict the molecular and ionic geometries of the species listed using Lewis dot structures, and find if the molecule has resonance structures.

Molecular Bonding Lab I. Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to predict the molecular and ionic geometries of the species listed using Lewis dot structures, and find if the molecule has resonance structures. Variables: ==>Dependent Variable: The dependant variables in the lab are the Lewis Dot structures for the compounds. ==>Controlled Variables: The controlled variable in the lab is the formula for the compounds. ==>Independent Variable: The independent variable in the lab is the molecular structure. II. Hypothesis: When given a chemical formula, I will be able to show their Lewis-Dot structure and construct their molecular model. When I do this, I will then be able to determine if it is polar, show it's molecular geometry, bond angles, and if the compound has symmetry or not. When gathering all of this information, I will be able to determine the chemical properties of each molecule. III. Materials: . Lab 2. Textbook Chemistry 3. Molecular model kits i. Wooden balls ii. Wooden sticks iii. Metal springs 4. Minerals (unknowns) i. Pyrite (cube) ii. Fluorite iii. Dolomite iv. Pyrite (pyritohedron) v. Zircon vi. Aragonite vii. Quartz viii. Orthoclase ix. Calcite IV. Procedure: Part A. Wooden Ball Molecular Models 1. Find the total number of valence electrons for the molecule. 2. Select the appropriate molecular modeling equipment from the

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Transfer of plasmid-mediated resistance to ampicillin in E.coli

Transfer of plasmid-mediated resistance to ampicillin in E.coli Asya Zahra Husnain B'ham Uni Edgebaston B'ham B15-2TT Abstract- A plasmid containing resistance to an antibiotic (usually ampicillin) is used as a vector. The gene of interest is inserted into the vector plasmid and this newly constructed plasmid is then put into E. coli that are sensitive to ampicillin. The bacteria are then spread over a plate that contains ampicillin. The ampicillin provides a selective pressure because only bacteria that have acquired the plasmid can grow on the plate. Therefore, as long as you grow the bacteria in ampicillin, it will need the plasmid to survive and it will continually replicate it, along with your gene of interest that has been inserted to the plasmid. I will be transforming E.coli with a plasmid containing a gene coding for antibiotic resistance. I will observe growth colonies on agar. I will then cut up this plasmid with restriction enzymes and run the fragments through a gel electrophoresis column. Key words- ampicillin- antibiotic resistance- Plasmid- Gel electrophoresis. Introduction: A plasmid is a small circular double-stranded extrachromosomal DNA molecule (about 2,000 to 10,000 base pairs) that contains genes, which play an important role in the bacterium. This can often be a gene that encodes a protein, which makes the bacteria resistant to an

  • Word count: 1689
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Arv og miljø.

Arv og miljø Hvis du ikke har en enegget tvillingsøster eller tvillingbror, er din genetiske utrusting enestående. Ingen av de 6 milliardene mennesker i verden er lik deg. Men genene alene avgjør ikke hvem du er og blir. Det ytre påvirkningen får du fram til voksen alder, er også med og bestemmer hvilke egenskaper du til sjuende og sist får. Slike ytre påvirkninger er for eksempel ernæring, helseforhold, fysisk aktivitet, skolegang, hjemmeforhold og vennemiljø. 7.1 Varige og midlertidige miljøpåvirkninger Om du går med gips i en lang tid, blir muskelen i den armen svak. Muskelen i den andre armen blir samtidig sterkere fordi den må gjøre mer arbeid enn vanlig. Selv om begge armene har de samme genene, blir likevel musklene forskjellige på grunn av miljøet som har preget dem. Når gipsen er tatt av, kan svake muskelen trenes opp til å bli like sterk som den friske armen. Sola utsetter oss for ultrafiolett stråling slik at huden blir brunfarget. Etter mange år med solpåvirkning eldes denne huden raskere enn hud som har fått lite sol. Mengden av rynker og pigmentflekker øker jo mer ultrafiolett stråling huden blir utsatt for. Undersøkelser viser at folk som arbeider ute under åpen himmel i solrike strøk, er mest utsatt for dette. Tydeligst ser vi det i nakken. Den delen av nakken som befinner seg over skjortekanten. Dette er en varig

  • Word count: 1069
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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