The Lambda Protocol Physics Investigation
-----THE LAMBDA PROTOCOL----- Aim: This experiment is designed to produce ?-DNA bound in gel to fragment according to the restriction enzyme used to cut it up and to the sizes of these subsequent fragments. The aim of this experiment is to produce a ?-DNA fragmentation, which will be of known sizes because the entirety of the ?-DNA genome has been mapped. So running ?-DNA alongside other DNA will allow the size of the other DNA to be found. Prediction: As in the experiment there are restriction enzymes being used on the ?-DNA, and then running it in gel electrophoresis, to separate the varying size ?-DNA fragments, then it is possible to estimate the results. The DNA, after gel electrophoresis will form bands and smears. The smears are where there are many fragments of ?-DNA of a wide range of sizes, and bands are numerous DNA fragments of similar size. Subsequently, as the entirety of the ?-DNA genome has been mapped, and the restriction enzymes used have had their recognition sites identified, then the fragmentation of the ?-DNA can be predicted. Fragmentation of ?-DNA using R.E.'s (Restriction-Enzymes) EcoR1, BamH1 and HindIII So, from this, the bands and smears that appear could be predicted. It would also be reasonable to show that the column with no restriction enzymes present would have no fragmentation of the ?-DNA, as the ?-DNA would not be broken down.
AIDS in Our Society - There is a killer among our society.
AIDS in Our Society There is a killer among our society. Everyone has heard of it and has seen it, but no one knows when it is going to strike. It feeds on our children, men, women, blacks and whites, young and old. It can attack at anytime and sometimes we don't even no it's there. It can't be stop! It goes by the name AIDS. AIDS has spread from across the sea to our country; to our state and city; right to our very own backyard. AIDS is a disease of the immune system caused by infection with the retrovirus HIV, which destroys certain white blood cells and is transmitted through blood or bodily secretions such as semen. Patients lose the ability to fight infections, often dying from secondary causes such as pneumonia or Kaposi's Sarcoma (Microsoft Dictionary). In 1983, Robert C. Gallo of the National cancer Institute and Luc Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute of Paris co-discovered HIV-the human immunodeficiency virus, causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS. AIDS is a lethal condition because HIV destroys the body's immune system, rendering it defenseless against disease-causing organisms (Tamarin, 502). AIDS has spread throughout the world. There seems to be two worldwide patterns in the spread of AIDS, which is not contracted by casual contact. A 1959 blood sample from central Africa contained the first known human infection. Researchers
The applications and research in developing Nanorobots.
The Applications and Research in Developing Nanorobots Nanorobots are devices of the nanoscale that are used for effectively sustaining and defending the human body against pathogens. The possibility of nanorobots was first proposed by Richard Feynman in his talk "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," in 1959, who stated that machines could make smaller machines, and those smaller machines could make smaller machines up to a point where the machines would be in the molecular scale (Freitas 29). Feynman's theory of nanorobots became a hot topic in the last two decades when dramatic development in technology made the ideas of nanorobots feasible. The enormous potential in the biomedical capabilities of nanorobots and the imprecision and side effects of medical treatments today make nanorobots very desirable. Medical treatment today involves the use of surgery and drug therapy. Surgery is a direct, manual approach to fixing the body. However, no matter how highly trained the specialists may be, surgery can still be dangerous since anesthetics, infections, organ rejection, and missed cancer cells can all cause failure. Surgeons lack fine-scale control. From the perspective of a cell, a fine surgical scalpel is as crude as a blunt tool. Invasive surgery wounds peripheral tissue and causes unnecessary harm to the patient. Drug therapy affects the body at the
Discuss the biology of muscular dystrophy
Discuss the biology of muscular dystrophy One of the most baffling diseases is muscular dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of genetic disease that causes weakness and progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. There are 9 major forms of MD - Duchenne, Becker, myotonic, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral, oculopharyngeal, Emery-Dreifuss, distal and congenital(Parker 2002). This essay will focus on the causes and pathological effects of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) which are the most prevalent form of muscular dystrophy. DMD and BMD are the most common childhood forms of muscular dystrophy. DMD was first described by the French physician Duchenne de Boulogne in 1868 (Hendriksen & Vles 2006). Beggs & Kunkel (1990) noted that DMD affects 1 in 3500 males while one third of the cases are sporadic with no previous family history of DMD. DMD and BMD are X-linked recessive muscle-wasting disorders which normally occur in man. They are caused by mutation in a gene located on the X-chromosome which codes for a protein called dystrophin (Cyrulnik & Hinton 2008). Campbell (1995) stated that the gene is extremely large and complex. Its locus extends over 2400 kb and approximately 14 kb is transcribed into an mRNA comprising 79 exons (Fig1). Fig1. The dystrophin gene. A map of the 79 exons of dystrophin, spanning 2.4million bases and
DNA Fingerprinting Lab Analysis.
Cody Baird AP Biology Mrs. Gannon December 19, 2003 AP Biology DNA Fingerprinting Lab Analysis Questions . Analyze the bands in the gel drawing below, then answer the following questions. a. If this were a fingerprinting gel, how many samples of DNA can you assume were placed in each separate well? One sample from each suspect and from the crime scene were placed in separate wells. b. What would be a logical explanation as to why there is more than one band of DNA for each of the samples? There is more than one band for each of the samples because different sizes of DNA fragments travel at different speeds. Smaller fragments move more easily than larger fragments, so smaller fragments pass through the agarose gel faster and go farther than the larger fragments do during gel electrophoresis. c. Which of the DNA samples have the same number of restriction sites for the restriction endonucleases used? Write the lane numbers. The DNA sample two, three and four have the same number of restriction sites because they all resulted in two bands. d. Which sample has the smallest DNA fragment? Sample five has the smallest DNA fragment because one of its bands traveled the farthest through the agarose gel. e. Based on your conclusion of the gel, what is your conclusion about the DNA samples in the photograph? Do any of the samples seem to be from the same source? If so,
DNA and the Identification Process of Criminals…
DNA and the Identification Process of Criminals... DNA analysis has emerged as an extremely valuable tool for the American criminal justice system. In countless cases it has served to identify the suspect, convict the guilty, and bring some solace to the victim. In other cases it has exonerated the innocent, at times after years of unjust imprisonment. DNA's capacity to illuminate the empirical truth provides the opportunity to use it for enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness, equity, and credibility of criminal justice throughout the nation. The states and the federal government need to work cooperatively to assure that this powerful investigative resource is used to its fullest extent and in accordance with strict scientific standards. DNA analysis can be very helpful in linking suspects to crime scenes when forensic evidence is identified, collected, and preserved properly for laboratory analysis. Law enforcement personnel need to be trained appropriately so that the value of forensic evidence is not compromised. Improper handling of evidence or failure to recognize forensic evidence undermines the value of DNA analysis. States and the federal government should make the analysis of DNA forensic evidence a priority and support the expansion of CODIS (Combined DNA Index System). DNA analysis becomes more valuable as the size of offender databases increases. As more
Our aim is to cut DNA from the bacteriophage lambda into fragments using restriction enzymes from different bacteria. We also aim to separate the DNA into bands by electrophoresis and at the end observe the results.
Klaudia Stadnicka Due 30. May. 2002 Biology; IB5 LAB REPORT #7 DNA TESTING PRACTICAL - GEL ELECRTOPHORESIS AIM: Our aim is to cut DNA from the bacteriophage lambda into fragments using restriction enzymes from different bacteria. We also aim to separate the DNA into bands by electrophoresis and at the end observe the results. Hypothesis: I will be able to observe that the DNA after intact isolation and treatment with various restriction enzymes to generate pieces small enough to resolve by electrophoresis in aragose is going to separate its fragments of different sizes. The smaller fragments are going to move more quickly through the gel and the larger more slowly. The pieces of DNA are separated by size. As in the 4th well we put the uncut DNA we expect it to move the least and very little overall. Variables: The only variables I include are diverse restriction enzymes or none at all used to cut the DNA. In the wells we place DNA samples cut by such restriction enzymes as ) EcoRI 2) BamHI 3) HindIII 4) (none - the uncut ? DNA; used as a control) METHOD: Equipment: * microsyringes * many tips, which we change any time using another substance * dried ? DNA in a tube * distilled water * 4 coloured tubes containing various restriction enzymes: . red - EcoRI 2. blue - BamHI 3. green - HindIII 4. yellow - uncut ? DNA * incubator with a
The use of Minisatellites in Forensic Science
Asya Zahra Husnain The use of Minisatellites in Forensic Science Introduction: Forensic science is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the scientific investigation of the causes of injury and death in unexplained circumstances, particularly when criminal activity is suspected. Such investigations are carried out chiefly by pathologists at the request of the coroner, in conjunction with other experts and police investigators. Forensic scientists focus on certain genetic sequences called "markers". Here, the arrangement of genetic information is highly variable and particular to each person. A minisatellite (Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism's) is one of these markers.(8) Minisatellites (variable number of tandem repeats, VNTRs) are particular to each individual. 99% of DNA is identical in everybody. 1% of DNA is different in each individual and thus allows one individual to be distinguished from another. Minisatellites are composed of core repeated sequences which are 9-80 base pairs in length. Another type of minisatellite that occurs is a hypervariable minisatellite. These are repeated sequences which are 9-24 base pairs in length. These highly polymorphic minisatellites share a common core sequence and appear near talomeres.(6) Microsatellites and Tetranucleotide / trinucleotide (STR's) repeats are other markers which can be used. The tandemly repeated
What Can the Scientific Study of DNA Tell Us about Human Health?
What Can the Scientific Study of DNA Tell Us about Human Health? Ever since the first philosophically inquisitive minds questioned the mechanisms of living organisms and their process', the scientific community has recorded oscillations in emphasis and bias through conflicting dilemmas. This drive taken toward a commonly identifiable nucleus of knowledge has often been constricted through conflicts between religious and moral anchors and the need for scientists to push the envelope in order to reach that next crucial level of understanding. In 1953 Watson and Crick offered a groundbreaking conclusion to the understanding of DNA; a discovery that would ultimately change the scientific community for ever (Pray, 2008). This double helix theory brought with it a new generation of scientists, questions and techniques and started a new science revolution. When considering the effects of DNA studies on human health we must think beyond those studies that are directly related to the human body; indeed we must understand that every living organism contains the hereditary molecule DNA. Whether a simple single celled bacterium or a hugely complex multi-cellular structure, either way gene processes and therefore DNA underlie all life processes and the various chain reactions involved with each of those processes. From within the perspective of human health there are certain base
Skin cancer: not only and old person's disease
College of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology, Chemistry and Allied Health Sciences Not an Old person's Disease In Partial Fulfilment of The Course BIOL395 Genetics Section A Facilitator: Ms. Jayann Brown By: Paul Scavella I.D. #: 24063087 Date: April 2, 2009 Name: Paul A. Scavella II Cancer is the number one killer in America today. We can say the known causes of cancer are radiation, sunlight, pollution, cigarette smoking and improper diets. I will explain the major causes of cancer. Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer is not just on disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Most cancers are named for the organ of the type of cell in which they start, for example, the cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer; cancer that begins in basal cells of the skin is called basal cell carcinoma. Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories the main categories of cancer include carcinoma which is cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukaemia, this is a cancer that
