DNA Fingerprinting: A review of the criticisms of DNA evidence. Is it really the absolute identification evidence?
LONDON SOUTHBANK UNIVERSITY Theodore Ninopoulos - Student No. 2151002 LLB Law -Year 3 - Full Time Dissertation May 2004 Supervisor: Mrs. Kathy Stylianou Word count: 9800 Title: "DNA Fingerprinting: A review of the criticisms of DNA evidence. Is it really the absolute identification evidence? TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.................................................................................page 2 PART 1 "From the Crime Scene to the Forensic Lab" .1 Collection of DNA evidence.....................................................page 4 .2 Technical Analysis................................................................page 9 .3 Estimation of Match Probability................................................page 14 PART 2 "Retention of DNA Evidence" 2.1 The Development of Law......................................................page 17 2.2 Retention of DNA profile and Civil Liberties...............................page 21 PART 3 "Presentation of DNA evidence in Court" 3.1 DNA Fingerprint or Profile?...................................................................page 25 3.2 The controversy of Bayes Theorem...........................................page 27 3.3 The Prosecutors Fallacy.........................................................page 32 Conclusion................................................................................ page 36
Gene expression in Aspergillus niger exposed to the lignocellulosic substrate, wheat straw
Biochemistry Research Project (2012) Gene expression in Aspergillus niger exposed to the lignocellulosic substrate, wheat straw Shih-Han Chang (4102910) Biochemistry and Genetics BSc Supervisor: Professor David Archer Word Count: 6,959 ________________ Contents . Final Year Project Dissertation Declaration p4 2. Abstract p5 3. Introduction . Second Generation Biofuels p6 . Bioethanol Production p7 . Producing bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass………………p7 . Saccharification of lignocelluloses p8 2. Aspergillus niger p8 . A.niger in response to starvation p9 . Degradation of Cellulose and Hemicellulose p9 . cbhB and cbhA p11 2. Carbohydrate-Binding Module (CBM) Domain p11 3. Expression of Xylanolytic Enzymes p12 4. XInR p12 5. Carbon Catabolite Repression p13 . Aim p14 . Materials and Method . Growth Conditions for Aspergillus niger p15 . For Carbon Timeline p15 2. For No Carbon Timeline p15 3. Making Aspergillus Minimal Media solution p16 4. Making Straw Media for Carbon Timeline p16 . Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction p16 . RNA extraction p16 2. Finding the Gene sequence CAZy p16 3. cDNA synthesis p17 4. PCR p17 5. Gel Electrophoresis
INDUSTRIAL USE OF ENZYMES
6.54.2.10 INDUSTRIAL USE OF ENZYMES Matti Leisola, Jouni Jokela, Ossi Pastinen, Ossi Turunen Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, and Hans Schoemaker, DSM Research, MD Geleen, The Netherlands Keywords: Industrial enzymes, speciality enzymes, protein engineering, enzyme technology, enzyme production, biocatalysis, fine chemicals Contents . Historical background 2. Enzyme classification 3. Enzyme production 3.1. Microbial production strains 3.2. Enzyme production by microbial fermentation 4. Protein engineering 5. Enzyme technology 6. Large scale enzyme applications 6.1. Detergents 6.2. Starch 6.3. Drinks 6.4. Textiles 6.5. Animal feed 6.6. Baking 6.7. Pulp and paper 6.8. Leather 7. Speciality enzymes 7.1. Enzymes in analytics 7.2. Enzymes in personal care products 7.3. Enzymes in DNA-technology 8. Enzymes in fine chemical production 8.1. Chirally pure amino acids and aspartame 8.2. Rare sugars 8.3. Semi synthetic penicillins 8.4. Lipase based reactions 8.5. Asymmetric synthesis 8.6. Enzymatic oligosaccharide synthesis 9. Future trends in industrial enzymology Glossary Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme that degrades ester bonds in alkaline conditions. Amino acid amidase: An enzyme that is used in manufacturing optically pure amino acids. It hydrolyses an amide bond in natural
The Integration of DNA Applications in Forensic Science
Elizabeth Gibbens The Integration of DNA Applications in Forensic Science Abstract Locard's Principle of Exchange states that when any person comes into contact with an object or another person, a cross-transfer of physical evidence occurs. The identification of that physical evidence has been the pivotal point in forensic work since Francis Galton developed a system of fingerprint classifications in 1892. Forensic science has rapidly evolved from using fingerprint identification to using a person's genetic makeup through a whirlwind of technology that has reshaped the Criminal Justice System. DNA analysis has become the most important tool for human identification and sorting unidentified remains by cataloging genetic markers. This paper will first examine how analyzing genetic markers first found in blood has evolved to analyzing DNA for direct mutations and how using amplification techniques have allowed the smallest biological samples to be identified. Second, this paper will review how the acceptance of these technological advances throughout many jurisdictions has necessitated the standardization of qualification and validation methods to leave no room for doubt of the reliability of data in a court of law. Third, the movement from retaining samples as evidence into creating a computerized data banking systems will be explored and the policies it has affected
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON Cloning of OsiSpo11-1 cDNA in Plant Expression Vector and its Transformation in Agrabacterium tumefaciens for its Over-expression SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY HAKIM WASIM CENTRE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY JAMIA HAMDARD (HAMDARD UNIVERSITY) NEW DELHI-62 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. JITENDRA P.KHURANA HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF DELHI, SOUTH CAMPUS NEW DELHI INDIA ABBREVIATIONS ºC Degree centigrade cDNA Complimentary DNA Cm Centimeter dATP Deoxy adenosine 5'-triphosphate dCTP Deoxy cytidine 5'-triphosphate dGTP Deoxy guanidine 5'triphosphate dTTP Deoxy thymidine 5'triphosphate dsDNA Double stranded DNA DMSO Dimethyl sulfooxide EDTA Ethylene diammenotetraacetic acid EtBr
Using DNA to Solve Crimes.
Forensic Science Using DNA to Solve Crimes The past decade has seen great advances in a powerful criminal justice tool: deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. DNA can be used to identify criminals with incredible accuracy when biological evidence exists. By the same token, DNA can be used to clear suspects and exonerate persons mistakenly accused or convicted of crimes. In all, DNA technology is increasingly vital to ensuring accuracy and fairness in the criminal justice system. News stories extolling the successful use of DNA to solve crimes abound. For example, in 1999, New York authorities linked a man through DNA evidence to at least 22 sexual assaults and robberies that had terrorized the city. In 2002, authorities in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Fort Collins, Colorado, used DNA evidence to link and solve a series of crimes (rapes and a murder) perpetrated by the same individual. In the 2001 "Green River" killings, DNA evidence provided a major breakthrough in a series of crimes that had remained unsolved for years despite a large law enforcement task force and a $15 million investigation. DNA is generally used to solve crimes in one of two ways. In cases where a suspect is identified, a sample of that person's DNA can be compared to evidence from the crime scene. The results of this comparison may help establish whether the suspect committed the crime. In cases
The Ethics of Human Cloning.
The Ethics of Human Cloning For the purposes of this essay, "human cloning" will refer to human reproductive cloning involving somatic cell nuclear transfer (explained later), rather than therapeutic human cloning, which involves the use of pluripotent stem cells. Advances in cloning research have used (differentiated) somatic cells. Essentially any cell within body could be used to make a clone, be it a neuron or a hepatocyte or myocyte, it still contains all the genetic material and instruction to create a new identical organism. It was the birth of "Dolly" the sheep in 1997 that highlighted the possibility that the cloning of human beings is possible. The process of somatic cell nuclear transfer involves obtaining a donor oocyte and removing its genetic contents, to produce an "enucleated" cell. Cloning techniques involve obtaining a somatic cell from the person to be cloned and fusing it with the enucleated cell via electrofusion, which both fuses and activates the new cell. The somatic cell sample is primarily "starved" to prevent it copying any more of its DNA. Fusion of two cells in such a technique results in the mixing of the mitochondrial contents of both cells. Mitochondrial DNA is thought to have little effect on the cell and organism (providing there is no mitochondrial disease).The resulting embryo is then implanted in to the host female or surrogate
Public awareness of Cloning
Introduction Cloning could only happen in science fiction movies but now it seems like it is becoming a reality or is it? In this 21st century, anything is possible and this has been proven when the first man landed on the moon. Now there are talks of cloning going around and arousing suspicions in each persons mind. What is cloning? It is simply a term used when producing an identical of something but 'what' is the question. The discovery of DNA proved to be the ultimate discovery of all time as scientist has a better understanding of what we are. .1 Background Information Ever since the discovery of DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, there had been amazing discoveries that had helped human race especially in the world of medicine and farmers in increasing the food production. Each year, scientists become more aware of what DNA is and how we inherit some characteristics from our parents. Then questions on possible cloning began to stir. Tests were carried out, experiments were done on animals and the results were both devastating and amazing. First of all, what is DNA cloning? To different people it has different meaning. According to a website www.cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk, DNA cloning is 'the use of DNA manipulation procedures to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA'. 1970's was when animal cloning began and the animal that was usually tested on was mice.
Blood Factors and the DNA Fingerprint.
Blood Factors and the DNA Fingerprint Teri Davis Research Paper Summer 2003, Friday Mr. Speener While fingerprinting is still the only surefire way to separate identical twins, DNA testing provides its own advantages. I. Blood Typing A. A, B, O, and AB B. Rhesus Factor C. Deoxyribonucleic acid II. DNA Fingerprinting A. DNA typing 1. RFLP, PCR, STR III. Gathering Evidence at Crime Scenes A. Locations B. Storage IV. CODIS Conclusion: CODIS is used in the national, state, and local index system networks to link typing results from unsolved crimes with cases in multiple jurisdictions or persons convicted of offenses specified in the data banking laws passed by the jurisdictions. Blood's individual qualities were recognized years ago when doctors realized some transfusions were successful while others were immediately fatal. From observation came the ABO typing system and the first understanding of the Rhesus factor. While there are extremely rare or exotic blood types, most people can be classified into the A, B, O, or AB blood types. The fact that an AB type exists at all told early investigators that every individual actually carries two alleles, or traits that determine blood type-one inherited from each parent. Further studies proved that if each parent contributed an O allele, the child would be type O, but if one parent contributed an A and
Playing God Will Not Help Us Grow - clonning.
Playing God Will Not Help Us Grow By: David Miron 4605756 For T.A. Matthew Furlong Concordia University, Problem Solving and Academic Strategies, Inte298P March 24, 2004 Table of Contents I. Introduction...................................................... 3 II. Ethical arguments against cloning................................... 4 III. Instability of Cloning in this Day and Age........................ 8 IV. The Emotional Risks of cloning..................................... 10 V. The Counterargument.................................................. 13 VI. Conclusion................................................................ 14 VII. Works Cited............................................................ 15 I. Introduction So The Lord God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, He took one of the man's ribs and closed up the place with flesh. Then The Lord God made a woman from the rib He had taken out of the man, and He brought her to the man. The man said, "This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called 'woman,' for she was taken out of man." For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh. (Genesis 2:21-24). I believe that over time God has given the human race many great skills in order to progress, skills such as: the power to fly,
