Acute Myacardial Infarction
Discuss the Registered Nurses role in the initial assessment, investigation and nursing management/ treatment of a patient with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Your discussion should include reference to: * A recognised framework for assessing the patient. * Relevant pathophysiology of the condition. * Rationale for investigations conducted and management/ treatment instigated. * Current best practice. * The actions of any medications prescribed. This assignment will be discussing the role of a registered nurse in the initial assessment, investigations, treatment and management of a patient with Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) it will discuss the anatomy of the heart and how it functions. The pathophysiology, initial signs, diagnosis and what kind of treatment will be provided for MI. This assignment will not be based on reflective practice. The research will be literature from text books, journals, and the internet. The A, B, C, D, and E; (Advanced Basic Life Support 2001) assessment of the patient will be used to make the diagnosis of MI in the first hour of onset of a MI. The heart lies in the thoracic cavity of the body; it consists of four chambers which are divided by the vertical septum. The upper chambers are the left and right atria, the lower chambers are the left and right ventricles there is a one-way valve system which means that the blood only travels
Dermatology and Microbiology - The Growth of Nails.
Dermatology and Microbiology a. The Growth of Nails The actual nail is made up of the nail body, nail root and the free edge and the main function of a nail is to protect the ends of your fingers and toes, and to help to grasp and manipulate small objects. Within the actual nail there are more parts that are needed to help in the production of nails, one of these parts is called the MATRIX. The diagram above shows where the matrix is situated inside the nail. The matrix is situated underneath the nail root and extends as far as the lunula. It is the most important part of the nail unit. The matrix is where the most work goes on, as this is where the start the nail develops from. The nail will grow outwards towards the tips of the fingers and toes. The nails will grow when the top layer of cells are transformed into nail cells by keratinisation. The cells within the matrix will be divided up, the upper ones will become thickened and toughened through the keratinisation process. As more cells are produced the old ones are pushed outwards and flattened, they then become transparent and form part of the nail plate. The matrix also determines the shape and thickness of a nail so the longer the matrix is the thicker the nail will be. If however the matrix is damaged it can result in temporary loss of the nail or permanent damage to the nail plate. The cells in
Qualification and quantification of microorganisms in soil role of microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle.
Letort Vanessa Student Number: 2029474 Module Number: HEV 3211 Purchase Diane SOIL MICROBIOLOGY QUALIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE INTRODUCTION Microbial community plays an important role in soils. These organisms are diverse and dynamic, performing beneficial activities such as decomposing organic matter, making nitrogen available and, sometimes, suppressing certain undesirable soil pathogens (Graham & Mitchell, 1997). The active part of soil is actually quite small, 1 to 5 percent by mass is microscopic organisms like bacteria and fungi. Yet the living microbial biomass most readily metabolises organic compounds, contributes significantly to short-term plant nutrition, and is the most responsive to land use (Scholes and Scholes, 1995). The most numerous and common microorganisms are the bacteria, followed by the actinomycetes and fungi (Porteous, 2000). Bacteria consist of a very diverse and highly variable group of single-celled, prokaryotic organisms found in soils of every ecosystem. The bacterial population of soils is dominated by species of Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, and others. Actinomycetes are another specialized group of soil bacteria. They look more like a fungus, but they are taxonomically classified as bacteria. These organisms give freshly tilled soil that rich earthy
Mechanism of Insulin Secretion From Pancreatic Beta-cells
Mechanism of Insulin Secretion From Pancreatic Beta-cells Of the various factors that can stimulate insulin secretion, glucose is physiologically the most important. This is reflected by the moment-to-moment fluctuations in plasma concentration that accompany fluctuations in plasma glucose concentration. The data shows that glucose metabolism within the cell, rather than a signal from a membranal "glucose receptor" produces the stimulus for insulin release. Supporting this contention is the observation that compounds that inhibit glucose metabolism, for example mannoheptulose, interfere with insulin secretion. It would appear that the products, or intermediates of glycolysis are responsible for insulin secretion. Glucose increases the concentration of glycolytic intermediates within islet cells and so promotes insulin secretion. Mannoheptulose is a sugar that inhibits glycolysis and its presence reduces the amount of insulin secreted. As with many intracellular processes, cAMP participates in the insulin secretory process. cAMP is believed to act as a positive synergistic modulator of a glucose-sensitive secretory step. An increase in cAMP concentration, without glucose, is not sufficient to stimulate insulin secretion. Glucose therefore leads to an increased intracellular concentration of cAMP that is in turn thought to promote insulin secretion by depolarising the cell,
bacterial leaching
Extracting metals from low-grade ores is usually a tricky business, but some bacteria have no problems with it. The metal industry is using these microbes to make their mines both green and profitable. In 1947 US microbiologists discovered that micro-organisms could be used to extract copper from copper ore. The leaching of copper by micro-organisms Bacteria such as Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans and Thiobacillus thio-oxidans they obtain energy by oxidising Fe2+ ions and S2- ions. The S2- ions are present in insoluble minerals of copper, zinc and lead. The oxidation of the S2- ions liberates the copper and this valuable metal can be collected. The mining industries are starting to use these methods to extract copper from lower grade materials. The tailings from conventional mining are piled up in an area where the ground has been made impermeable. Then it is sprayed with an acidic leaching solution containing T. ferro-oxidans and T. thio-oxidans. The bacteria used, thrive in an acidic environment. They only require a supply of Fe2+ ions or S2- ions, oxygen and carbon dioxide. The result of this process is that the copper ore separates out into its different elements. The solution contains Fe2+, Cu2+, Fe3+ and SO42- ions. Copper ions can be selectively removed from a bacterial leaching solution by a process called LIGAND EXCHANGE SOLVENT EXTRACTION. A ligand is a compound
Investigation
Investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme trypsin. Plan Hypothesis To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction of the enzyme trypsin and from this, determine the enzymes optimum temperature. Introduction Enzymes are globular protein molecules, which are often defined as biological catalysts. They catalyse the breakdown of a substrate into two or more product molecules, using the cleft in its surface called an active site. The substrate molecule has a complementary shape. The random movement of the enzyme and substrate brings the substrate into the active site. An enzyme-substrate complex is temporarily formed. (1) This is because the R groups of the amino acids in the active site interact with the substrate and this interaction breaks the substrates apart. The two product molecules then depart the active site, leaving the enzyme molecule unchanged and ready to bind with another substrate molecule. Trypsin is a digestive enzyme, known as a protease, secreted by the pancreas. Trypsin attacks peptide bonds of proteins and polypeptides, thereby converting large peptide chains into shorter polypeptide segments. There are two basic types of proteases, the endopeptidases and the exopeptidases. Trypsin is an endopeptidase that is found in the alimentary canal of nearly all invertebrates and vertebrates organisms
The aim of this investigation is to make a series of dilutions using the correct liquid handling technique with a pipette, and then finding out the optical density for each of the solutions when they are pipetted into a 96-well plate.
Liquid Handling Abstract: An investigation into the use of handling pipettes and finding out the optical density for each of the dilutions was carried out. This involved using reversed pipetting technique and setting up different sorts of dilutions. It was found that the neat (undiluted) dilution had the highest optical density since the waves were moving more slowly in this solution. An anomaly was found in of the results, suggesting the pipette was used (for that dilution) in an inaccurate way. Introduction: The aim of this investigation is to make a series of dilutions using the correct liquid handling technique with a pipette, and then finding out the optical density for each of the solutions when they are pipetted into a 96-well plate. Single-channel pipettes are used frequently by chemists for measuring various amounts of volumes. When using a pipette the user must make sure that it is very clean whilst used in the laboratory. If the pipette is not clean whilst in use, this could cause various problems such as contaminating the solution thus ending up with error results. Some organisms such as hydrophobic micro-organisms can stick to the plastic tip very readily. These types of pipettes have a piston which takes up any liquid very quickly into a disposable polystyrene tip. When this liquid is ready to be in use again, this can be done by depressing the button on
Identification of an Unknown Enterobacteriaceae. The purpose of the experimental determination of an unknown was to demonstrate the utility of many tests that indicate the metabolic behavior of the unknown.
Identification of an Unknown Enterobacteriaceae Introduction This lab experiments serves as an application of all the lessons that were taught and to test if the student understood and remembered the various tests that were mentioned in the laboratory and lecture classes in bacteriology. The purpose of the experimental determination of an unknown was to demonstrate the utility of many tests that indicate the metabolic behavior of the unknown. In this experiment, my unknown #14 was determined to be Proteus vulgaris. Proteus vulgaris is one of the most commonly isolated members of Proteus species. The genus Proteus is a member of a large gram negative bacilli family, Enterobacteriaceae. Proteus organisms are known to be one of those to cause serious infections in humans, along with Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia species. (Nester et al. 2008) The bacterium is a gram-negative rod with flagella. As a gram-negative rod, it has an extracytoplasmic outer membrane. It creates an endotoxin, which can cause a deadly systemic inflammatory response in 20 to 50 percent of its victims. It has been shown that its optimal growth temperature was at 37 C. P. vulgaris is a chemoheterotroph, which means it uses carbon sources like glucose for energy and carbon. As a chemoheterotroph, it ferments glucose but not lactose or mannitol. However, because it is a facultative
In this essay I will look at the biological significance of polysaccharides, and what makes them significant
The Biological Significance of Polysaccharides In this essay I will look at the biological significance of polysaccharides, and what makes them significant. I will do this by looking in more depth at their structures, bond type etc ... Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates. A polysaccharide is made up of lots of monosaccharides joined together in a large chain by glycosidic bonds. Glycosidic bonds are covalent and form after a condensation reaction. They have a very large relative atomic mass, and can either be branched or unbranched. Unlike monosaccharides and disaccharides they do not taste sweet and they are also insoluble. Polysaccharides have a general formula of Cn(H2O)n-1 where n is usually a large number between 200 and 500. Starch is a polysaccharide made up of alpha glucose monosaccharides. However the alpha glucose in starch forms two compounds; amylopectin and amlylose. Amylopectin makes up 70 % of starch, it consists of chains of glucose monomers linked with 1,4 glycosidic bonds. However about every 20-30 residus there is a 1,6 bond which results in branches being fromed. Amylose makes up the other 30% of starch, however it is an unbranched linear polymer unlike amylopectin. The monomers are joined in1,4 glycosidic bonds. The chains usually have around 300 alpha glucose molecules and form a stiff left handed single helix shape. Starch is the
Compare and Contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Compare and Contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells There are two types of cells which make up all living organisms – prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. There are significant differences between the two types of cells, as well as several similarities. Prokaryotic cells tend to be smaller with no membrane bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells are more complex. Organisms[a] Prokaryotic cells make up the Prokaryote kingdom – single-celled organisms which are usually heterotrophs (obtain energy by breaking down large complex organisms from external sources) such as E. coli but sometimes autotrophs (use energy from sources such as sunlight to convert inorganic molecules into complex organic ones) such as cyanobacteria. In contrast, eukaryotic cells make up several different kingdoms – the Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. They also come in both autotrophic and heterotrophic forms. Key similarities Both types of cell have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes (although those of prokaryotes are smaller) and DNA or RNA[b]. Cell wall Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall made of murein (peptidoglycan) whereas eukaryotic cells, if they have a cell wall, have one made of cellulose[c]. Prokaryotic cells may also have a slimy capsule around the cell for protection. Genetic material Another major difference between the two types of cell is that prokaryotic