Person Centred Therapy Core Conditions
The Importance of Unconditional Positive Regard in Person-Centred Counselling According to Perry (1993), 'A primary goal for the person-centred counsellor is to see, feel and experience the world of the client as it is seen, felt and experienced by the client' (p.53). One of the distinguishing features of person-centred counselling, and one which enables the above goal to be met, is the notion that the therapist must have unconditional positive regard (UPR) for the client, viewing them as a person of worth regardless of their values, behaviour or the issues they present within the counselling session. The underlying premise is a profound belief in the potential of all human beings as well as the ability to convey acceptance and respect for all. However, UPR also represents an area of contention for many theorists who question whether it is always possible to view the client in a positive light and whether this process requires the therapist to disregard his/her own values and beliefs. The following essay will explore the importance of UPR in therapeutic practise, how the therapist acquires UPR and how it can be applied to diverse client groups. Carl Roger's theory is built upon Malow's 'actualising tendency' which suggests all human beings, regardless of their circumstances, strive to reach their potential and make the most of their existence. Closely interlinked with the
Discuss the biological effects of acute psychological stress and some possible health outcomes of these stages
Discuss the biological effects of acute psychological stress and some possible health outcomes of these stages. Stress can be defined in various ways such as a mental or an emotional condition that has occurred due to some pressure on one’s life. There are many people in the world that will be suffering every day from stress and the outcomes that have been caused by it. If one is going through stress it can affect their physical health. This can have an effect on both genders and of all ages throughout life. The most important reason to why this is dangerous is because it can be very dangerous to someone’s health, not only because it may lead to many different diseases but because it can have raised the amount of times the person has a panic attack. Stress is very easy to control even though it may not look like it, but if the certain steps have been taken into account then there would be no problem. Acute stress is when you go through a phase that only lasts for a little while and the cure for it would be quicker to cure. It is very important for you to know how to recognize the signs on stress because the quicker it is going to be cured the better. Stress can creep on you at any time; this is the most dangerous thing about it. If you don’t take care of it once you find out the diagnosis then it will feel normal to you, you will get too used to it and want it in your
Case study of a five-year old girl with school refusal behaviour
Case study of a five-year old girl with school refusal behaviour 0638141 Case description Mary, a five year old girl, had been attending her local nursery school successfully for several months. However, for the last four weeks she found it difficult to separate from her mother and refused to attend school so her case was referred to the school psychologist. Her mother and her nursery teacher agreed that her problem began when she had a disturbing dream during nap-time and became agitated when she woke up and realized her mother was not present. Everyday before going to school she began crying and requested not to attend. Subsequently, Mary was forced to attend school and when her mother dropped her to school her teacher had to hold on to her so her mother could leave the classroom. Although she was calm at times through the day she very often started crying and asked for her mother. At home, Mary did not separate from her mother and did not sleep in her own bed. Mary was described by school staff as a quiet child who liked to play alone. She lived with her mother and her eleven year old brother. Her parents had been separated for six months. Theoretical background When assessing treatment approaches for school refusal it is useful to consider whether the school refusal behaviour presents an acute onset or a chronic course, the degree of parental involvement, if other
Outline the major symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder. Case study of one sufferer.
Case Study Week 4 Briana Conner, Jaime Lowe, Linda Fiesta, & Jayne Evans PSYCH/515 November 7, 2011 Dr. Engstrom Case Study Week 4 Background Information . Outline the major symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder. Major Depressive Disorder affects many aspects of an individual, including the physical body, thoughts, and mood. The symptoms of this disorder can be broken down into four categories: * Thinking; creates problems with memory and decision making. * Feelings; creates problems with motivation and mood. * Behavior; apathy, withdrawn, loss of appetite, prone to crying, loss of interest. * Physical; run down, aches and pains. These symptoms must persist for a period of time to meet the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (Gregoire & Kohn, 2010). Fifteen to twenty percent of Americans will experience major depression at some point during their lives. People aged 18 to 24 are most likely to have experienced it during the past thirty days. Major depression can happen at any point during one's lifetime. Biological factors may predispose an individual to depression. A sense of helplessness, as well as an external locus of control also may be causal factors for Major Depressive Disorder (Gregiore & Kohn, 2010). According to the American Psychiatric Association (1994), the following criteria must be met in order to receive a diagnosis of Major Depressive
Write an essay describing the key concepts and the principles of the person centred approach and your understanding of how these principles are applied to the counselling setting.
Write an essay describing the key concepts and the principles of the person centred approach and your understanding of how these principles are applied to the counselling setting. The person centred approach developed by Carl Rogers In the 1930's is a humanistic and non directive approach to counselling. It's non directive stance disassociates itself from other approaches such as Freud's Psychoanalysis as it aims to place most of the responsibility for the clients enhanced state of well being on the client. The counsellor facilitates this process, however takes more of a detached role, which leaves the client free to explore their own feelings. The Person centred approach aims to enhance the clients self awareness, improve the clients self esteem and explore and analyze the clients emotions. It aims to do this while decreasing the discomfort of the client actually experiencing the emotions they are facing. In this essay I will be exploring the key concepts and key conditions of the Person Centred approach and attempt to show each concepts role in terms of the Person centred approach and how they are applied to the counselling setting. According to Rogers, the three main abilities a counsellor must have who is working with the Person centred approach is Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard, and Empathy. Congruence, or the ability for the counsellor to convey
Couples Analysis and Case Study. Kerri, 26, and Patrick 29, have been dating for three years and have been living together for sixteen months.
Couples Analysis and Conceptualization Case Study: Kerri and Patrick Tammy D.Schamuhn, MS Candidate Portland State University Couns 575 Case Study Kerri, 26, and Patrick 29, have been dating for three years and have been living together for sixteen months. Kerri is employed as an elementary teacher, and Patrick works as an assistant manager of an automobile manufacturing company. Both individuals are extroverted with a very gregarious and outgoing way about them. They are both exceptionally social and enjoy spending time together by going to parties, traveling, and participating in outdoor activities such as snowboarding and camping. They are both very close with their families and each maintains close friendships outside of the relationship. They are a very physically affectionate couple, despite their presenting problems. That being said, the couple is experiencing a multitude of conflicts in their relationship. As of late there has been a dramatic rise in the amount of fighting and intensity of the arguments that occurs between the two. Fights are heated and the couple's subsequent interactions are becoming more dysfunctional. The couple is divided on several issues, thus, I will explore the presenting problems from the viewpoint of each person in the relationship and proceed to give my own conceptualization. Kerri From Kerri's point of view, the presenting
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: NATURE VS NURTURE. The causes of schizophrenia have been defined differently by several scientists among whom there are psychologists, psychiatrists and molecular geneticists.
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: NATURE VS NURTURE Over the past century, there have been a lot of prevailing views about the causes of psychological disorders. Since it is the most widespread, devastating and the least understood disease seen in the human population, schizophrenia is one of the most concerned and investigated illnesses among psychological disorders. The causes of schizophrenia have been defined differently by several scientists among whom there are psychologists, psychiatrists and molecular geneticists. Among all other different definitions of the schizophrenia, Sobell, Mikesell and McMurray (2002) define and specify its diagnosis which stand out as the one on which most psychologists and psychiatrists seem to accept: " Schizophrenia is probably best described as a symptom complex. Characteristic clinical features of schizophrenia can be classified into 3 symptom clusters: (1) positive or psychotic symptoms of hallucinations, delucions (including unusual thoughts and suspiciousness), and distorted perceptions; (2) negative symptoms of flat or blunted affect and emotions, amotivation, avoliation, anhedonia, or alogia; and (3) disorganized symptoms of confused thinking, incoherence or looseness of associations in thought and speech, and odd or bizarre behavior" (p.1069). As it can be deduced from this long definition, schizophrenia is a complex disease.
Reflection on Person Centered Care.
Reflection assignment Developed by humanist psychologist Carl Rogers as a non-directive form of talk therapy in the 1940’s and 1950’s.The goals of the person-centred approach are different to many traditional approaches to therapy. “Its focus is on the person, not on the person’s presenting problem. The main goal of the therapy is for the client to realise their capacity for self-actualisation” (Davis). To achieve this goal therapists would work on developing an increased self-esteem within the client and create an environment whereas the client is more open to experience (Person Centered Therapy, 2012) Rogers (1977) did not believe that the aim of therapy was to solve problems. Rather, it was to assist clients in their growth process so clients could better cope with their current and future problems.”(Corey, 2009, p170). Person centred therapists do not set goals for their clients, but assist clients through facilitative therapy to achieve their own goals. As self-concept develops goals would be expected to change. This therapy could not be applied to all clients as some would not possess the natural inclination towards the self-actualisation process even within the context of the supportive, facilitative client-therapist relationship. A description of the processes and procedures of the therapy Person centred therapy differs from other therapies in
The purpose of this paper is to define behavior therapy and examine some of the effective strategies used. Two empirical studies will be discussed that support behavior therapy.
Behavior Therapy An Exploration of Behavior Therapy Lora Verhagen Lakeland College October 8, 2012 ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to define behavior therapy and examine some of the effective strategies used. Two empirical studies will be discussed that support behavior therapy. Behavior therapy includes many different techniques and skills that focus on overt behaviors. Some therapists have included cognitive, or covert behaviors into their treatment to provide more inclusive approach to changing a person’s thinking and physical behaviors. ________________ Behavior therapy is based on three models: operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and modeling. Ivan Pavlov’s popular classical conditioning experiment with salivating dogs and later Hobart and Wilie Mowrer treatment for childhood bedwetting influenced the behavior therapy principles. Mowrer’s treatment used a special pad that was put under the bed sheet and when a small amount of urine contacted the pad, a bell rang and awoke the child. B.F. Skinner introduced the operant conditioning principles with his experiments with rats that were placed in a box with a lever that immediately drop a food pellet when the rats pushed the lever. Operant conditioning is increasing or decreasing a behavior by changing the consequences. Skinner’s principles were applied to therapy in humans using
Animal research is irrelevant to our understanding of human mental health. Discuss.
Animal research is irrelevant to our understanding of human mental health. Discuss. Animal research has played a major role in answering fundamental questions in many areas of psychology. The need for animal testing to enhance human health research has been made evident by the work of Charles Darwin on the evolutionary link between animals and humans. This essay will discuss whether animal research can improve our understanding of human mental health, more specifically mood disorders, and will consider both contributes and limitations of the application of animal models to study human disorders. The evolutionary stance postulates that emotions are a universal feature developed during an evolutionary process that lasted thousands of years. Research has shown that although humans public displays of emotions may vary depending on the social and cultural context, basic emotions such as joy and fear have a biological basis which is common to the whole human species. This same biological basis is found in non-humans animals, especially in mammals, as evidenced by the work of Charles Darwin (Darwin, 2009 [1872], cited in Datta, 2010), which highlighted the similarities between humans and animals in their expressions of emotions. Animal research have greatly contributed to our understanding of the brain structures involved in perceiving emotions; on this topic, Paul MacLean