Envisage a feasible design or designs so as to enable the 'bathing experience' to be as easy and enjoyable as possible for an 'elderly' person.
THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF MANUFACTURING AND MECAHNICAL ENGINEERING LEVEL 4 MASTERS PROJECT 2000 TITLE: - Bathroom Solutions For The Elderly - A 'Better' Bathtub? STUDENT HAME: - Shimon Kabir Siddiqui DEGREE PROGRAMME: - MEng Manufacturing Engineering with German SUPERVISOR: - Dr L. Nayak (Director, Centre for Applied Gerontology) MODULE CODE: - MMEM406 (0406122) Aim The aim of this project is to try to envisage a feasible design or designs so as to enable the 'bathing experience' to be as easy and enjoyable as possible for an 'elderly' person. Why is this project important? The importance of the growing proportion of 'elderly' people as part of the UK population is becoming more and more apparent all the time as the NHS is realising in terms of the shortage of available beds The initial research shows that bathroom products manufacturers are not in tune with this increasing demand. Elderly people often experience combinations of minor impairments that in sum create significant difficulties and dangers with day to day activities. These conditions include reduced back strength, dexterity, range of motion of limbs and back, balance, tolerance, and vision. A study of injuries in the elderly ranked bathtubs and showers among the six highest priority hazardous (Czaja et al., 1982). This ranking was based on the frequency, severity, cost and relative
Eyewitness performance in Cognitive and Structured interviews.
Memon, A., Wark, L., Holley, A., Bull, R. & Koehnken, G. (1997) Eyewitness performance in Cognitive and Structured Interviews. Memory, 5, 639-655. Eyewitness performance in Cognitive and Structured Interviews Amina Memon[1], University of Texas at Dallas, School of Human Development, Richardson, TX 75083-0688, USA Linsey Wark & Angela Holley Department of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton S017 1BJ U.K. Ray Bull Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth P01 2ER U.K. Guenter Koehnken Institut fur psychologie Universitat Kiel Olshausenstr 40-60 24098 Kiel Germany Keywords: cognitive interview, eyewitness, retrieval, mnemonics, training Abstract This paper addresses two methodological and theoretical questions relating to the Cognitive Interview (CI), which previous research has found to increase witness recall in interviews. (1) To what extent are the effects of the CI mnemonic techniques when communication techniques are held constant? (2) How do trained interviewers compare with untrained interviewers? In this study, witnesses (college students) viewed a short film clip of a shooting and were questioned by interviewers (research assistants) trained in conducting the CI or a Structured Interview (SI), similar to the CI save for the `cognitive' components, or by untrained interviewers (UI). The CI and SI
The effect of context, and the relationship of cue and target, in word recognition performance
Page Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to test the findings of Fisher (1979), who found a significant relationship between target to cue relationship and target recognition ability. Fisher, however, did not account for ability when no cue was present at all. In the current experiment, participants had to remember target words from a series of word pairs which had been designed to have varying target to cue and cue to target relationships. Different groups took part in the cues present and cues absent conditions. There was a trend indicating that Fisher had been right in his assessment of target to cue relationships influencing recognition. However, there was no difference in effect when cues were present or absent- indicating that there was no benefit to the presence of cue words. While it is possible that this was proof against Fishers findings, it is highly possible that it may be an internal methodological weakness. Introduction Recognition, when discussing memory, is the ability of a person to acknowledge that something observed is already present within their memory- thus, sensory input is categorised as either present in memory (recognised) or not present in memory (not recognised). Furthermore, recognition is noted as being significantly more adept in terms of memory ability when compared to the similar process, recall- possibly because context can both
Cognitive Psychology - The processes involved in attention.
Cognitive Psychology (PSY323M1) Lecture 4. The processes involved in attention. Reading: Chapter 5 Eysenck & Keane; Styles, E.A. (1997). The psychology of attention. Psychology Press, Hove Cognitive Lab: Eriksen task in Superlab folder Your objectives are to-: i). Understand the notion of attentional selection and attempts to pinpoint the location (i.e. 'early', 'late' or 'flexible') of the attentional filter in the information processing chain. ii). Assess the utility of the different metaphors that aid our understanding of visual selective attention. iii). Understand current thinking regarding the fate of 'unattended' stimuli, and in particular the results derived from the 'negative priming' paradigm. iv). Be cognisant of the processes involved in visual search, with particular emphasis on Treisman's (1980) Feature Integration Theory. v). Be able to describe some of the major disorders of attention. When you are having a conversation in the coffee bar, a place that is notoriously noisy, you are most often so engrossed that you remain oblivious to the noise all around you. Likewise, when you are looking for someone in a crowd, especially if they are well known to you and the crowd isn't too large, it is most often a relatively effortless task to pick them out. How do we pick out and concentrate on that one sound source from among all others as we track
Schizophrenia and related psychosis.
The author of this work is currently employed as a community psychiatric nurse whose remit is to work with those clients with serious and enduring mental illness, the majority of whom have a medical diagnosis of schizophrenia and related psychosis. Over the past 10 years there's been a growing movement towards diverse treatments for schizophrenia other than the acknowledged role of medication as a treatment modality (Birchwood and Tarrier 1993). Developments in psychological theory have led to a number of innovative psychological treatments drawn from human experimental psychology such as behavioural and social psychology and cognitive science. Therapies based on cognitive behavioural theory have been rapidly developing, initially for the so called 'neurotic disorders' but in recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that these cognitive behavioural approaches can be effective for those people suffering from psychosis ( Williams 1995). The aim of this assignment is to explore the basis of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and review its' therapeutic application to schizophrenia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evolutionary paradigm that came about a from the merging of the established paradigm of behavioural therapy and contemporary cognitive therapy (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). Behavioural therapy historically focused on anxiety, phobic
To what extent can biological investigations provide evidence to suggest language lateralisation correlates with schizophrenia?
IB Extended Essay Psychology November 2012 Language and Schizophrenia To what extent can biological investigations provide evidence to suggest language lateralisation correlates with schizophrenia? Candidate Name: Kayla Jackson Candidate Number: 003562-044 Word count: 3979 School: Queensland Academy for Health Science ________________ Abstract ________________ Schizophrenia is a form of psychosis featuring cognitive, emotional and behavioural symptoms. The causes of schizophrenia are considered controversial and difficult, if not impossible to determine, however it is considered to be an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Language lateralisation, however, cannot be specifically defined as to only belonging to one aspect of the brain as many separate sections appear to affect or be affected by the presence of schizophrenia. Within this investigation both the localisation of language functions and the correlation to schizophrenia are visited and evaluated. This investigation evaluates the evidence of the impact of language lateralisation and other variables on the likelihood of developing schizophrenia. Biological determinates, such as an individual’s hand preference, (left, right or ambidextrous) and their brain structure, in particular asymmetry across both hemispheres, are discussed in order to determine how crucial they are in the
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRO-CHOICE SOCIAL MOVEMENT AND THE ABORTION DEBATE FROM A BRITISH PERSPECTIVE
school of health & social sciences Social movements are loosely organised campaign's in support of a social goal, normally either to achieve or prevent a change in society's structure or values. Although social movements differ in size, they are all essentially joint. That is, they result from more or less unplanned coming together of people whose relationships are not defined by rules and procedures, but who merely share a common outlook on society (Boggs: 1986). Yet Toch, defined a social movements as "an effect by a large number of people to solve collectively a problem that they feel they have in common" (Toch:1971:5). A movement is also seen as "a mixture of organisation and spontaneity" (Marshall:1998:615). Social movements have been defined as a form of action. Tilly defined social movements as challenges to the dominant social order. Yet all definitions of social movement reflect the notion that social movements are basically related to social change, yet they have existed throughout history, but those of the last several centuries are best understood. Within the 18th century, Methodism swept across England and America in one of the many examples of a religious social movement. In the 19th century, the international Socialist movement grew out of smaller political struggles in individual European countries. The issue of slavery spawned several social
LOP psychology
An investigation into the effect on the amount of words a participant is able to recall after using a structural, phonological or semantic level of processing to answer questions about the words presented Abstract This experiment is based on the work of Craik and Lockhart and on the levels of processing theory. The levels of processing theory suggests that the extent of which information can be remembered is dependent on the level of processing the piece of information has undergone to be stored. The aim of the experiment is to see if participants are more likely to recall a greater amount of words that previously required semantic processing rather than words that previously required structural or phonological processing. The experimental hypothesis states that 'Significantly more words from questions that require semantic processing to answer a question will be recalled later compared to words that needed a structural or phonological level of processing.' The investigation took place in the form of an experiment therefore an independent variable, the type of processing: semantic, phonological or structural was manipulated and the dependent variable, the amount of words recalled of each process was measured. Being an experiment, extraneous variables were controlled. The design of this experiment is repeated measures whereby, all twenty participants use all the
Historical and cultural conditions that gave rise to the cognitive perspective.
The cognitive perspective DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS Historical and cultural conditions that gave rise to the cognitive perspective CHALLENGES TO BEHAVIOUR -the mind was becoming more and more important (e.g.INSIGHT LEARNING-Kohler and his "Sultan the Ape" ›the work was difficult to ignore) -the existence and importance of mental processes had to be acknowledge›not ignore them any more IMPACT OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR -break with traditional theories (behaviourism,psychodynamic) -more emphasis on free will (room for cognitive decision making) CULTURAL VARIATION IN THE ACCEPTANCE OF THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE -the language for describing the mind was available -the mind was viewed as an information processor 2.CONTRIBUTION OF THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE TO THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR, AND ITS CURRENT STANDING EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF HYPOTHESES For this we can give as an example, the experiment of CRAIK and TULVING (1975). The aim was to find out which different forms of processing of verbal information might affect recall. The method was that the participants were presented with lists of words, a device which presents items for a very brief period of time after which each word was presented the participants were asked one of four different questions: a)is it in capital letters...?›structural processing b)does it rhyme
An Experiment on Memory and the Effect of Different Levels of Processing.
AS Psychology Coursework An Experiment on Memory and the Effect of Different Levels of Processing Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Method 5 Results 8 Discussion 10 References 12 Appendix 1 14 Consent Form Appendix 2 15 Standardised Instructions Appendix 3 16 Sample Answer Sheet Appendix 4 17 Word List Appendix 5 18 Debriefing Sheet Appendix 6 19 Raw Data Appendix 7 20 Statistical Calculations Abstract This investigation is based on the Levels of Processing model of memory and the work of Craik and Lockhart which states that the deeper the processing used, the more likely the recall. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the level of processing required and the relative recall rates. The experimental hypothesis was that there will be a significant positive relationship between the depth of processing required, and the likelihood of the word's recall. The null hypothesis was that there will be no significant positive relationship between the depth of processing required, and the likelihood of the word's recall. An experimental research method was used with an independent measures design. The sampling method used was opportunity, the sample size was 10 males and 10 females, and they were all office workers from Cirencester. The results showed no